REICIT

Systematic Review of Publications on the Consequences of Artificial Intelligence in the Labor Market in Panamá, 2025

Margelis Cedeño Graell, Dylon Pérez Campos, James Bermúdez-Vargas — Mon, 19 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Artificial intelligence (AI) has established itself as a transformative factor in the labor sector, marking the beginning of what many call the "Fourth Industrial Revolution". This technological evolution has generated an intense debate about its impact on employment, raising crucial questions about whether AI will create more jobs than it eliminates and how job functions will be redefined.

This systematic review article focuses on analyzing the consequences of artificial intelligence in the labor market, examining how it affects job creation, destruction, and transformation, as well as the demands for new skills and working conditions. A systematic review study was designed, based on an analysis of eight relevant academic documents published between 2017 and 2025. The sources were selected and analyzed to provide a solid basis for understanding the multidimensional impacts of AI.

The main findings reveal that AI is reconfiguring labor operations, driving automation and efficiency, but also generating significant challenges such as potential staff displacement and the need to address ethical and data security considerations. The urgency of implementing adaptable educational systems that prepare the workforce for human-machine collaboration and new skill demands is highlighted. Likewise, the importance of establishing clear ethical rules and forward-looking governance policies, such as those being considered in the European Union, is emphasized to ensure that technological advancement is sustainable and equitable, benefiting everyone and safeguarding workers' rights in this era of profound transformations.

Revisión Sistemática sobre Publicaciones Relacionadas al uso de la Realidad Virtual Inmersiva en la Educación Superior

Mon, 19 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

La inteligencia artificial (IA) ha emergido como un elemento clave en la transformación del mundo laboral, marcando el comienzo de lo que muchos llaman la "Cuarta Revolución Industrial". Esta innovación tecnológica ha abierto un debate importante sobre su impacto en el empleo, generando preguntas sobre si la IA creará más puestos de trabajo de los que eliminará y cómo se modificarán las tareas laborales.

Este artículo de revisión sistemática se centra en explorar las consecuencias de la inteligencia artificial en el mercado laboral. El análisis aborda cómo influye en la creación, eliminación y modificación del empleo, además de la demanda de nuevas habilidades y las condiciones en las que se trabaja. La investigación se realizó mediante una revisión sistemática basada en ocho documentos académicos relevantes publicados entre 2017 y 2025. Estas fuentes fueron seleccionadas y analizadas para ofrecer una perspectiva sólida sobre los efectos multidimensionales de la IA.

Professional education in the university context faces various challenges in providing learning experiences that accurately replicate authentic work environments. Similarly, conventional teaching methods often lack effective resources to simulate complicated professional scenarios without compromising student safety, which limits the development of practical skills in regulated environments.

In this context, immersive virtual reality (IVR) emerges as an educational tool with great potential to enhance practical learning through simulated environments. Although many studies highlight its educational advantages, it is also essential to analyze the technical limitations that hinder its effective integration into higher education.

The purpose of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the current scientific literature on the use of IVR in university contexts, focusing the analysis on its main benefits and the technical limitations that affect its implementation. A non-experimental qualitative methodology was used, following the guidelines of the PRISMA model. Academic databases such as Google Scholar and EBSCO were reviewed, restricting the search to publications from 2020 to 2025. Terms such as "virtual reality immersion," "university education," "simulation in teaching," and "technical constraints" were used. From an initial total of 39 articles, 7 were selected that met the defined inclusion criteria.

The results demonstrate that IVR is an effective resource for enhancing practical and contextualized learning in university education. However, its implementation is limited by several technical factors, such as the lack of appropriate infrastructure, high equipment purchases and maintenance costs, limited teacher training, and compatibility issues between platforms.

Preliminary diagnosis of physicochemical parameters of the Curundú River using test strips

Mon, 19 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to conduct a preliminary diagnosis of the surface water quality of the Curundú River, located near the Harmodio Arias Madrid Campus of the University of Panama. Although the riverbed is partially channeled and its interaction with the campus is not immediate, urban planning and drainage systems in the area are significantly influenced by its presence. For the evaluation, multiparameter rapid test strips were used to estimate approximate concentrations of relevant physicochemical parameters: pH, nitrates, nitrites, total hardness, and free and total chlorine. These indicators help establish a basic profile of the water resource's condition and detect potential sources of contamination. Water samples were collected on different dates and documented through photographic records and on-site observations. The analysis showed variations in pH levels and turbidity, possibly associated with climatic factors and urban runoff. The findings highlight the impact of anthropogenic activities on the water quality of the Curundú River and suggest the need for continuous monitoring. This study serves as a baselin

for future in-depth research and promotes environmental awareness within the University community regarding the sustainable management of urban water resources.

Use of Remote Sensing to Evaluate the Spectral Signature of Water Due to Pollution of the Matias Hernández River, as a Result of Urban Growth, From the Middle Part to its Mouth in the Bay of Panama, 2024

Irving Isaac Isaza Santos, Yeislin Z. Arcia , Keyla K. Vargas — Mon, 19 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This scientific article focuses on the use of satellite images, implementing the calculation of the normalized difference water index (NDWI) to highlight the body of water in the study area, analyzing pixel values ??taken from satellite images of the mission. Sentinel 2, to evaluate the change in the spectral signature of water in water masses such as rivers, bays and lakes. This method is particularly valuable for territories where water quality is of great importance, as it allows monitoring the impacts of unplanned urban growth. In this context, natural riparian vegetation is often affected, leading to pollution problems. A crucial case study is the Matías Hernández River, located in the middle of Panama City. This body of water has experienced significant degradation due to the lack of urban planning. In this study we have obtained, in most of the samples taken for the (NDWI), negative values ??that represent the absence of wet surfaces or water in season. dry and rainy, which is directly related to the width of the river and its shape, finding positive values ??without difficulty, in larger places such as the ocean. In the analysis to evaluate the contamination of the river with the water spectral signature interpretation graph, all the points returned values ??in the near-infrared and shortwave bands, values ??that should not have been presented; considering that the spectral curve of clean water is only shown in bands 2,3 and 4 of the Sentinel 2 images. Except for the point shown “ocean”, which was further into the sea and far from the mouth of the river.

Inventory Planning for the Control of Products in a Mass Consumption Distribution Company in Panama, 2024.

Ismael De Gracia , Fernando Ramirez Corro , Leonardo E. Collado S. — Mon, 19 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study addresses inventory planning as a crucial tool for the efficient control of products in mass consumption distribution companies in Panama. Inadequate inventory management can lead to significant losses, affecting the profitability and competitiveness of businesses. Strategic planning allows for optimizing stock levels, reducing storage costs, and ensuring product availability to meet the demand of the Panamanian market. The general objective is to plan inventory control for a mass consumption product distribution company in Panama, 2024. The methodology used is exploratory, allowing for an initial approach to the problem. Through the review of specialized literature and the analysis of internal company data, the aim is to identify the main shortcomings and improvement opportunities in inventory management. The research results indicate that inventory planning has a direct impact on operational efficiency. It is concluded that 75% of product losses are due to a lack of planning in inventory. 80% of the surveyed companies do not use any software for inventory management. In conclusion, proper inventory planning is essential for controlling products in mass consumption distribution companies in Panama. The implementation of inventory management strategies and tools can reduce losses, optimize resources, and improve competitiveness in the market. It is imperative that companies invest in technology and training to strengthen their planning and control processes.

Ergonomic Analysis for the Prevention of Risk Factors in Bricklayers of Construction Company A, Panama, 2025

Margarita Torres de Cumbrera — Mon, 19 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The application of ergonomics seeks to reduce musculoskeletal injuries and occupational diseases, significantly improving workers' quality of life. This increases efficiency, productivity, and staff retention at Construction Company A, Panama, 2025. Ultimately, ergonomics contributes to the company's regulatory compliance and sustainability. The overall objective is to analyze ergonomics for the prevention of risk factors among bricklayers at Construction Company A, Panama, 2025. The methodology used is quantitative ergonomic assessment, through the selection and application of specific ergonomic assessment methods (such as the NIOSH equation for lifting loads, the REBA or RULA method for awkward postures, or the OCRA method for repetitive motions), measuring and recording relevant environmental variables (temperature, noise, vibrations) if they are contributing factors. The results presented in this document are from a study conducted using the Nordic Kuorinka Questionnaire and the OWAS methodology; both are recognized tools for ergonomic risk analysis. Using both methods, it was possible to determine and quantify the most common activities that bricklayers (civil construction workers) are subject to throughout their workday, providing an overview of the most common repetitive movements and postures. The findings form a consistent background for characterizing the particular influence on the health and productive life of this at-risk work group, as well as the level of intervention in recommendations for mitigating the biologically negative impacts of this activity. In conclusion, based on the above, this document presents a series of preventive measures that will help reduce ergonomic risk factors derived from research, with the goal of generating a healthier work environment for workers. Some examples include the implementation of active breaks, the creation of comprehensive wellness programs, and job training in ergonomics. Keywords: Ergonomics, Postures, Musculoskeletal discomfort, heavy loads, repetitive movements.

Review of Aviation Fuel Logistics Operations to Optimize Airport Supply, Tocumen, 2024

Manuel Visuette, Jorge Luis Martinez Ramirez , Yohana Esther Ortega Pinto — Mon, 19 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The review of Aviation Fuel Logistics Operations is relevant for Supply Optimization in airport operations. Knowledge of operations is decisive for fuel supply in airport operations. The objective of the research is to review the Aviation Fuel Logistics Operation for the optimization of airport supply, Tocumen, 2024. The methodology has a quantitative approach because the use of fuel was determined through consumption in logistics operations and at the same time transversal since Only one measurement was made, the level of research is descriptive and the data was analyzed in Excel and SPSS software for verification. The results of the data analysis resulted in 15% optimization of fuel consumption knowing the logistics of the operations system. In conclusion, the objective is confirmed that reviewing aviation fuel logistics operations optimizes Airport supply, Tocumen, 2024.

Multivariate Techniques for Climate Regionalization of Precipitation in Panama: (1980-2010)

Anabel Ramírez Bayard, Clara E. Cruz G. — Mon, 19 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Rainfall is one of the most significant natural phenomena in tropical regions due to its environmental, social, and economic impact particularly in the management of water resources. In Panama, the topography and the interaction between Pacific and Caribbean oceanic masses result in marked spatial variability in precipitation, as evidenced by the pluviometric contrasts between both slopes. This study aimed to identify climatically homogeneous regions based on monthly accumulated precipitation in Panama during the period 1980–2010. To achieve this, records from meteorological stations with continuous data were used. After undergoing statistical quality control processes, the sample was refined to 76 valid meteorological stations. Subsequently, multivariate statistical techniques were applied specifically Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis using Euclidean Distance and Ward’s method. The results revealed two major climatic regions corresponding to the Pacific (62 meteorological stations) and Caribbean (16 meteorological stations) slopes, further subdivided into 10 and 2 homogeneous subregions, respectively. These findings confirm the effectiveness of multivariate techniques for climate regionalization in tropical areas and provide a solid scientific foundation for the sustainable management and planning of water resources in Panama.

Management of Sustainable Social Housing in Panama, 2025

María Isabel Guerra Navarro — Mon, 19 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study presents a management proposal for the design of sustainable social housing in Panama, addressing the urgent need to incorporate sustainability criteria into residential development. The research analyzes the historical background of social housing, relevant public policies, and bioclimatic design principles adapted to Panama’s humid tropical climate. Based on a theoretical review and the analysis of Latin American models, the study proposes constructive strategies focused on energy efficiency, rainwater harvesting, cross ventilation, and solar energy use. The main objective is to demonstrate that implementing sustainability principles in social housing enhances quality of life, reduces environmental impact, and contributes to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 and 11. The results promote an integrated vision of Panamanian social architecture, capable of articulating environmental, technological, and cultural aspects for the benefit of vulnerable communities.

History of Drinking Water and Sewage in the City of Santiago de Veraguas, Panama

Sebastián Ariel Aguilar Medina — Mon, 19 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article is based on the research titled "Evolution and Development of Urban Planning and Architecture in Santiago de Veraguas." It produced historical and graphic documentation. It used an urban research methodology and existing historiographical documentation on infrastructure in the city of Santiago from the colonial era to the present. It describes the evolution of the sites and infrastructures for drinking water, sewage, and stormwater systems, the materials used to construct them, the chronological stage, and the capacity of each since their creation.

The proposed chronology has been established into 5 groups: The first, Drinking Water and Sanitation System in the city of Santiago in the Colonial Era (16th to 18th Century), the second, called Sewerage and Drinking Water in Santiago in the 19th Century, the third, we call it Aqueducts and Sewers (1900-1949), the fourth stage we call it Aqueducts and Sewers (1950-1999) and the fifth stage we call it Aqueducts and Sewers in Santiago in the 21st Century. In this chronological way, it is intended to appreciate the evolution and growth of the drinking water and sewerage infrastructure in the city of Santiago de Veraguas since its foundation. It also describes the deficiencies in the issue of capacity, a product of the accelerated demographic growth that occurs in our city, which in many places has caused chaos and lack of vital basic services.

Systems auditing and process management applying computer ergonomics in Panamanian companies (2024–2025)

Ricardo M. Candanedo Yau — Mon, 19 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Computer ergonomics is an essential component in assessing workstations with visual display terminals (VDTs), as it safeguards occupational health and enhances organizational efficiency. This study aimed to analyze the influence of applying ergonomic engineering criteria on the audit of computer and process management systems in companies in the Republic of Panama during the period 2024–2025. The research adopted a correlational, explanatory, and qualitative approach, combining direct observation, structured surveys, semi-structured interviews, and checklists based on ISO 9241, ISO 19011:2018, and UNE-EN standards. Results indicate that more than 50% of the audited workstations present significant ergonomic deficiencies, including inadequate furniture, poor spatial layout, insufficient lighting, and disorganized cabling. These conditions negatively impact productivity, occupational well-being, and the quality of internal IT processes. Recurrent symptoms such as carpal tunnel syndrome, visual fatigue, lower back pain, and cervical tension were identified. Moreover, levels of effectiveness, efficiency, and efficacy (EEE) showed a positive correlation with compliance with ergonomic and engineering criteria. The study concludes that the systematic application of computer ergonomics standards and auditing principles strengthens organizational management, enhances worker comfort and health, and promotes safer, more efficient, and sustainable technological environments.

Simplified Design Study of a Reinforced Concrete Monorail Girder

Isaac Abdiel Salazar Moreno — Mon, 19 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Urban development in Panama faces challenges associated with population growth, traffic congestion, and the geographical limitations of an irregular topography. Against this backdrop, the implementation of the country's first monorail system, as part of Line 3 of the Panama Metro, constitutes a historic milestone in mass transit infrastructure. This study presents a simplified analysis of the design of the reinforced concrete running beam used in straddle monorails, based on the author's experience, international regulations, research conducted between 2018 and 2024 in other countries regarding monorails, and the international AASHTO LRFD specifications (2011, 2017).

The work integrates theoretical and experimental concepts derived from recent research on prestressed beams, reinforced beams, dynamic train-bridge behavior, structural fatigue, and user comfort criteria, important points according to articles developed by Pu (2018) and Zhang and Wang (2024). The main objective is to present a simplified design methodology that, without replacing detailed analyses, allows for an understanding of the fundamental parameters of safety, durability, and efficiency of reinforced concrete beams for monorails in Latin American contexts, especially in our beloved Panama. The results show that the application of simplified criteria for loads and material properties provides a clear basis for teaching civil engineering, building engineering, and infrastructure engineering in a resource-limited environment. It also highlights the importance of considering environmental aspects, such as the acoustic impact and sustainability of prestressed concrete, in the 100-year service life expected for the infrastructure. It concludes that the proposed simplified model is educational and applicable in the academic field, as well as constituting a preliminary validation tool for similar projects in the region.

Proposal for the Implementation of 4D Simulation in Infrastructure Project planning in Panama, 2025

Isaac Abdiel Salazar Moreno — Mon, 19 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The incorporation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) methodology in its 4D dimension, which integrates three-dimensional models with construction scheduling, represents an opportunity to optimize infrastructure project planning in Panama. This article presents a theoretical-practical analysis of the application of 4D simulation, combining a literature review and methodological proposals adapted to the local context. Benefits such as reduced conflicts on site, optimized resources, and improved communication between stakeholders are identified, as well as challenges associated with standardization, training, and initial costs. A progressive implementation flowchart is proposed for civil works, integrating BIM quality control and artificial intelligence for automatic rescheduling. The results indicate that 4D simulation can improve efficiency by 15-25% and serve as a strategic tool for decision-making in complex projects.

The data protection of the patrimonial State assets, Panama 2024

Carlos A. Correa Correa García de Paredes, Español — Mon, 19 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The research addresses the importance of data protection of state-owned assets. It is worth mentioning that, for developed countries, it is a key factor in safeguarding assets financed with public resources. In this context, cybercrime to the information of such assets shows the urgency of integrating a robust model of data protection as a fundamental part of asset management. The Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic of Panama, pursuant to Decree No. 220-2014-DMySC of July 25, 2014, published in the Official Gazette No.27646 of October 20, 2014, adopted the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in the Republic of Panama. Likewise, through Decree No.01-2017-DNMySC of January 3, 2017, approves the General Governmental Accounting Manual based on the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) - Version II, published in Official Gazette No.28,198-A of November 17, 2017. The implementation of IPSAS by public sector entities in Panama is a process that requires time, resources and commitment from all parties involved. Adaptability and cooperation are essential to ensure that the objectives of standardization in recording, transparency, accountability and good governance for the presentation of their financial statements are achieved, aligning with international best practices. According to the document Public Sector Institutions, Panama has 96 state institutions that manage assets. This study analyzed a representative sample of these institutions with the objective of evaluating a security framework to protect asset information. The results revealed that 66% of the institutions evaluated lack a comprehensive data protection plan for the management of their patrimonial assets.

Process of Systematic Literature Review to Support the Design of a Mobile Application for Physical Evaluation in Secondary School Students in Panamá

Miguel A. Sánchez C., Elzebir Tejedor De León, Vielka Cedeño de Sánchez — Mon, 19 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research presents the systematic literature review process carried out as a basis for designing a mobile application for assessing the physical condition of secondary school students in Panama. The main purpose was to analyze the state of the art in school physical fitness and the use of mobile technologies in physical education teaching, with the aim of identifying approaches, instruments, and limitations that would guide the development of an innovative tool tailored to the current needs of the education system. To this end, a qualitative approach was adopted that applied recognized systematic review methodologies, following the guidelines of authors such as Linares-Espinós and Gómez-Luna, based on searches in international academic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Dialnet, Redalyc, Scielo, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria were defined to cover publications between 2015 and 2025, in Spanish and English, with full access and relevance in school contexts, which allowed for the filtering of an initial total of 81 documents and the final selection of 45 that offered the greatest relevance and quality for analysis.

The results show that, although there is a growing interest in the use of mobile applications in school Physical Education, there are still limited developments validated specifically for students at this level. The predominance of traditional field tests, such as the Course Navette test, is highlighted, as is the need to adapt assessment instruments to factors such as age, gender, and digital skills. Furthermore, the importance of incorporating pedagogical elements such as gamification and immediate feedback to increase student motivation and participation is emphasized.

In conclusion, the review provides a solid basis for the design of a mobile application that integrates standardized tests contextualized to the Panamanian school environment, with technological accessibility, automated report generation, and pedagogical strategies that strengthen the teacher's role and promote healthy lifestyle habits in students, thus contributing to reducing the gap between technological innovation and educational practice.

Editorial

Elías A. López Otero — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000