Analítica

THOUGHT EXPERIMENT ANALYSES OF ALBERT EINSTEIN'S ELEVATOR

C. P. Hertogh — 2024-10-25

In this contribution we identify, analyze and interpret Einstein's elevator as a paradigmatic thought experiment (TE) that shows how modern physics may surpass classical mechanics.

On surface analyses we show that Einstein’s elevator is, in fact, a series of interrelated TE, TE1 through TE6, involving two frames of reference – or two systems of coordinates, K and K', deducing principle of relativity from Galileo – and two observers, an inside and outside observer. On deep analyses of Einstein's elevator appears a deconstructive TE featuring principle of relativity, destructing, falsifying Newton's theory, that does not hold on to principle of relativity, and constructing, verifying Einstein's, that does.

On interpretation, admitting theoretical TE may have flaws as with regard to imaginability, conceptual and terminological coherence, we argue that TE are usually valid as arguments, and are rather considered antifallacies than fallacies. TE may develop on analysis from prima facie or secunda facie (in)conceivability to ideal (in)conceivability; our logical analyses validate Einstein’s elevator as a paradigmatic TE.

Lastly, we may add two 21st-century conditions to (e.g. Karl Popper's) view of growth of science –global cross-culturalism and environmental pragmaticism– to arrive at a balanced view of progress of science and society¹.

CONSTITUTION OF REALITY IN LATE WITTGENSTEIN

Natalia Tomashpolskaia — 2024-10-25

This article discusses the issue of the constitution of reality and the role of language in it in the late Wittgenstein. Here the author examines the key role of grammar in the connection of language with reality and distinguishes ‘levels’ of constitution: (1) the ontological relation in the triad language-thought-reality, (2) intersubjective ‘conventional’ level, (3) a level beyond any conventions (ethics or mystical) within the realm of one reality. I argue that for Wittgenstein language was a vehicle of thought, however, he admitted processes of thinking that are inexpressible with words, for their expression we may other languages: image-language, sound-language, and gesture-language. Language reflects a human way of thinking, if we had another way of thinking we would have another grammar and other concepts. The essential nature of the human mind is concept formation. However, the concept of mind itself is a hypothesis. The harmony between thought and reality is found in the grammar of language. But an agreement of thought and reality is not a simple representation, along with the method of projection, Wittgenstein emphasizes the method of application. And the only key to the relationship between language and reality is grammar.

DETERMINING THE INDETERMINATE

Alexander McQuibban — 2024-10-25

Reconciling the permanence of existence with the existence of change is a long-standing metaphysical puzzle. Some, following Aristotle, resolve this tension by positing ‘prime matter’, a bedrock which grounds all change. Saint Thomas Aquinas argued prime matter had to be purely potential, thus completely indeterminate and extensionless. This article charitably reconstructs and critically assesses Aquinas’ view, arguing it is far too restrictive. Prime matter need only be maximally potential and determinable, allowing it to take on certain determinate properties. I argue extension is an obvious candidate property and propose five theories positing extended prime matter: (1) a subtle revision of Aquinas' own view, (2) a hylomorphic approach which attributes to prime matter an ‘elastic’ extension, (3) a minimally/infinitesimally extended prime matter inspired by ancient atomism and late-renaissance/early-modern corpuscularianism, (4) a maximally/infinitely extended prime matter influenced by Advaita Vedanta, and (5) a pluralist approach reminiscent of Aristotle's elements. Crucially, by allowing prime matter a determinate characteristic, each proposal demystifies Thomistic prime matter which one could otherwise charge with being so characterless as to slip into the ‘nothingness’ which terrified the Eleatics and motivated the introduction of prime matter in the first place.

LA PRAGMÁTICA VERITATIVO CONDICIONAL ANTE LA SENSIBILIDAD CONTEXTUAL EN EL LENGUAJE NATURAL

Pablo David Chávez Carvajal — 2024-10-25

El artículo expone la pragmática veritativo-condicional, teoría que sostiene que los efectos pragmáticos influyen fuertemente en el contenido semántico de la expresión de una proferencia. Este mecanismo teórico explica cómo el contenido literal de un enunciado lingüístico se ajusta en casos de cambios amplios de significado. Se busca establecer una conexión entre la teoría y la noción de archivos mentales, que explica cómo los hablantes almacenan datos sobre entidades en el mundo. Esta teoría ayuda a comprender el modo de presentación de la referencia y cómo un interlocutor tiene información sobre entidades en el mundo, facilitándole la comprensión de los enunciados. También se analiza la objeción de Huang (AÑO) a la indeterminación de la interpretación literal, donde se argumenta que algunos términos tienen múltiples interpretaciones, lo que hace imposible la interpretación literal. Sin embargo, esto no plantea ningún problema para el contextualismo por prominencia. Se concluye que hay casos del lenguaje natural que no pueden explicarse utilizando la pragmática de verdad condicional, lo que imposibilita disolver la división entre competencia pragmática y competencia semántica, que es uno de los principales objetivos de este tipo de pragmática.

MÁS ALLÁ DE LAS PALABRAS

Carlos Daniel Rivas Kubler — 2024-10-25

Este trabajo busca explicar la naturaleza del lenguaje alejándose de los problemas que supone el isomorfismo, para esto se hace uso de recursos multidisciplinarios, tratados filosóficos, investigaciones científicas, recursos lógicos y heurísticos, así mismo como de la introspección, ya que a pesar de todas sus limitaciones, resulta indispensable si consideramos que el lenguaje implica experiencias de primera persona, que en todo caso serán corroboradas por los lectores de este artículo, llegando a la conclusión que el leguaje es esencialmente pasional y no racional, existiendo tres condiciones necesarias para el mismo que son, la materialidad, la imagen y la voluntad.

INCLUSION, ELIGIBILITY AND FORFEITURE

Miroslav Imbrišević — 2024-10-25

One of the buzzwords of today is ‘inclusion’. But the idea that everyone should be ‘included’ is a mistake, thoughtlessly reproduced by many. This holds in the private sphere, as well as in the institutional settings of the public sphere. There is very little conceptual analysis of the term, although there is plenty of literature on ‘social inclusion’ and the political vision of including the marginalized. My aim is to show that there are constraints on inclusion – particularly in institutional settings. Participation in social life is a kaleidoscope of inclusion and exclusion practices; this makes social life possible. Without inclusion/exclusion practices social life would be chaotic – if not impossible. Even philosophy journals have submission criteria which permit exclusion: e.g. the paper must not be under consideration by any other journal. Thus, exclusion is not per se a denial of someone’s dignity or a failure to recognize them as a fellow human being. The aim of this short essay is to raise awareness about inclusion and two of its constraints (eligibility and forfeiture), thereby starting a long overdue debate in the humanities.

PHILOSOPHY OF DEATH IN MAURICE BLANCHOT

Justina Šumilova — 2024-10-25

Maurice Blanchot is a 20th century French philosopher who was one of the few philosophers who started to write on death. Death has a special role in Maurice Blanchot’s philosophy, he understands death from two points of view: existential death and death as a metaphor, which is mainly investigated among side the process of creation and literature.

The aim of this work is to present philosophy of Death in Maurice Blanchot’s philosophy. The presentation aims to present that death is understood from two points of view in his thinking. First, death is understood as the existential drive for living and creation; secondly death is also understood as a metaphor in the process of creativity, in this sense, death plays a crucial role in Blanchot’s thinking. The article also aims to explain such Blanchotian concepts as death’s space, death’s transmutation and two kinds of death.

Death’s space is understood as a creative space of creation in which the representations and information is converted in the process of creation. Death’s transmutation is the process of transmuting certain material (whether its painting or words) into the new form. While two kinds of death refer to two types of death: the first is the death that persons can comprehend, while the second is the death that is experienced unexpectedly. Lastly, the work also aims to talk about the relationship between death and literature as death becomes an existential and creative force that sparks novelty.

MARTA ENTRE DOS MARÍAS. UNA LECTURA FILOSÓFICO-COSMOLÓGICA DEL SERMÓN 86 DE MEISTER ECKHART

Ángel Enrique Garrido Maturano — 2024-10-25

El artículo analiza desde una perspectiva filosófica no confesional y desde un método hermenéutico-dialógico el sermón 86 de Meister Eckhart referido a Lucas 10, 38-42. Primero muestra en qué medida la vida consumada, en la que el alma es una con la divinidad, no está representada ni por la joven María ni por Marta, sino por una augurada María madura que incluye las dos figuras anteriores. Luego elucida el sentido de la vida plena representada por esa segunda María, en la que se fusionan vida activa y contemplativa. Para ello introduce el fenómeno que denomina “se da”. Finalmente bosqueja la concepción de la divinidad como creatividad cosmológica implícita en el texto eckhartiano.

UN EXAMEN CRÍTICO DE LOS ARGUMENTOS DE PLANTINGA EN DEFENSA DEL EXCLUSIVISMO RELIGIOSO

Richa Singh — 2024-10-25

In "Pluralism: A Defense of Religious Exclusivism" Alvin Plantinga defends religious exclusivism from a variety of objections. In this paper I discuss two of those objections. First, where Plantinga set two grounds of their religious beliefs as exclusivist, they missed to mention a third important ground of exclusive believe which is ‘Holy Scriptures’. In this paper I'll try to show that this third ground can change the scenario. Second, in the against of moral objections, like Exclusivists, are guilty of moral failures and arrogant, elitist, egotistical, unjust, oppressive, and imperialistic etc.; Plantinga reply that: Religious exclusivism is not necessarily a moral or intellectual failure and, (because?) given the human condition, some exclusivism is inevitable in our lives. In other words, there is no alternative to religious exclusivism. I argue, in contrast to Plantinga, that there is a contradiction in their argument and a version of this principle is not absolutely correct.

SÖREN KIERKEGAARD

Pedro Luis Prados — 2024-10-25

El artículo ofrece una mirada al pensamiento de Sören Kierkegaard, filósofo danés del siglo XIX. Se describen y comentan dos cruciales experiencias de Kierkegaard: la muerte de su padre Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard y la ruptura con su prometida Regina Olsen. Pese a la idea extendida del impacto que estos hechos tuvieron en la vida de Sören, se argumenta que, desde el punto de vista existencial, son otras las condiciones que moldean el existencialismo de Kierkegaard y que influyen en el desarrollo de su personalidad. En ese sentido, destaca la asimétrica relación con Dios, expuesta a partir de la prueba del sacrificio de Isaac por parte de Abraham, relación que se actualiza en Soren y en su padre, aunque sin hacerse efectiva.

INTUICIÓN Y MATEMÁTICAS. UNA INTERPRETACIÓN A PARTIR DE LA CRÍTICA DE LA RAZÓN PURA DE I. KANT

Carlos Falcón — 2024-10-25

Este ensayo investiga por qué intuimos y hacemos matemáticas desde la perspectiva de la Crítica de la Razón Pura de Kant, centrándose en La Disciplina de la Razón Pura en su Uso Dogmático. Examina cómo las intuiciones puras de espacio y tiempo proporcionan un marco esencial para la construcción de conceptos matemáticos, asegurando su necesidad y universalidad. Aunque Kant argumenta que estas intuiciones son condiciones necesarias, nosotros sostenemos que es el desarrollo y la formalización del lenguaje matemático lo que realmente concretiza y objetiva estas intuiciones. Además, se analiza cómo la filosofía, al cambiar su método, puede abordar conceptos más abstractos sin suprimir las intuiciones puras. Finalmente, la estrecha relación entre las intuiciones puras y la construcción matemática nos permite visualizar un marco de entendimiento entre el sujeto cognoscente y el cálculo matemático. Este marco reconoce la posibilidad de que cualquier ser humano, que inherentemente posee estas intuiciones, pueda construir conceptos matemáticos

EL MISTICISMO JUDÍO

Richard H. Jones — 2024-10-25

El texto ofrece una sinopsis histórica del misticismo en la filosofía judía medieval. Se presentan las principales figuras y corrientes del misticismo judío a partir de Filón de Alejandría, incluyendo los textos visionarios de Hekhalot, la especulación cosmogónica, el pietismo judío-alemán temprano hasta la Cábala temprana y clásica, esta última alcanzando el S. XVII.

Presentación

Francisco Díaz Montilla — 2024-10-25