Cuadernos Nacionales

Contributions by president Belisario Porras to electoral institutions in the Republic of Panama 1912-1924

Ana Elena Porras — Fri, 07 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The present historiographical research attempts to identify achievements by the Republic of Panama in terms of democratic elections, under the administrations under the liberalism of Belisario Porras, making visible the complexities and historical context of an emerging nation, whose tradition of political caciquismo from Colombia, will be intervened by the United States of America, and challenged by class struggle, ideology, political parties and power games. Finally, it is recommended to study electoral institutions with a comprehensive political perspective where democracy is conceived as a process constantly challenged by political history, social policy, laws and government actions which, in the case of Belisario Porras, built foundations towards a modern liberal democracy in Panama.

Diplomatic disputes between Panama and the United States over the interpretation of the Canal Treaty, 1904-1927

Reymundo Gurdián Guerra — Fri, 07 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The objective of the work is to analyze the controversies and problems that arose in Panamanian-American relations at the beginning of the Republican era and whose origin dates back to the unilateral and even inconsistence interpretations of certain American officials who had to do with the execution of the 1903 Canal Treaty, a situation that provoked protests and angry claims from certain economic sectors and social groups and the Panamanian government, due to the damage that such measures could cause to the Panamanian nation.

The Millennials of Panama

Mónica Patricia Romero Zapata, Charlyn Dayana Marmolejo González — Fri, 07 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The objective of this research is to determine the impact of globalization on the construction of the identity and sense of national belonging of Panamanian Millennials. This is because the aim is to objectify the identity of the Millennial population of Panama, identified from the use and access to technology in daily life and its relationship with shared common values - identity as a principle and general value -, internalized and reproduced. through the appropriation of space and its resources—sense of belonging—in a territorial space marked by differences. Based on a mixed research methodology, through a sequential exploratory design, qualitative information collected from two focus groups and a survey applied to a sample of 384 young Millennials between 18 and 30 years old was used. The results reveal that Panamanian Millennials' assessment of identity as a principle and general value and as a sense of belonging is positive.

Impact of globalization on the primary sector of Panama.

Víctor Hugo Herrera Ballesteros — Fri, 07 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

To evaluate the impact of trade liberalization on Panama's primary sector. The data sources used come from the national accounts regarding production, the labor market survey, the food balance sheet, and the data of the consumer price index of the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses. The data on the basic food basket comes from the Ministry of Economy and Finance. An ambispective analysis was conducted based on the institutional change of the late nineties and its impact on the last two decades and its prospects. The reduction of tariffs to 15 per cent by Cabinet Decree No. 68 of 12 November 1997, as well as Law No. 29 of 1 February 1996 establishing the Commission on Free Competition and Consumer Affairs, marked a turning point from which the primary sector gradually lost its domestic market while the import sector consolidated its vertical integration in agribusiness and production in addition to its oligopoly and oligopsony power throughout the entire marketing chain. The decline of the primary sector has been evidenced by the loss of participation of the primary sector in total production, lower relative participation of formal employment in the private sector and wages, as well as the systematic increase in the agrifood deficit and increase in food prices, derived from a local supply that has become more inelastic. It is necessary to rebuild the agricultural public sector to strengthen productive capacity for a productive transformation that guarantees the supply of food with the capacity to compete with imported products, which contributes to greater affordability for consumers.

Augmented Reality as Computer Technology in the Area of Higher Education

María Mitre V. , Delia Consuegra de Sucre — Fri, 07 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The present study carried out at the Azuero Regional University Center, Panama City, indicates that augmented reality (AR) has emerged as an innovative technology with the potential to transform education, teachers and students of this University Center. Carrying out this research allows us to visualize Augmented Reality as a computer technology at a higher level, specifically in the areas of technology, medicine and architecture, clearly defining the careers of Computer Science, Nursing, Biology and Architecture to determine how these careers complement the use of Augmented Reality in its analytical programs. Identifying the topics that benefit from the visualization and interactivity provided by augmented reality at a higher level and thus identifying the digital resources and content that can be integrated into the use of Augmented Reality, whether in person or virtually, taking into consideration the interactive elements to encourage student participation and create an active learning environment for the teacher, taking as a path the design of an effective teaching strategy that determines whether or not there is a relationship between the use of Augmented Reality, and the cognitive performance of teachers from the faculties of Biology, Computer Science, Nursing and their students at the Azuero Regional University Center in the teaching process based on the use of Augmented Reality as computer technology.

The Theory of Crime in Panamanian Criminal Procedure

Luis Gabriel Peñalba Ríos — Fri, 07 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article focuses on analyzing the Theory of Crime in the Panamanian Accusatory Penal System, through an interpretation of the four constituent elements of crime and the theories on which this system is based. It consists of two chapters, where both topics to be supported are broken down; in order to expose each of the points that determine the main approach, based on the Theory of Crime in the Panamanian Accusatory Penal System. For its analysis, a type of documentary descriptive research is used with a bibliographic design from different sources, both Panamanian and international, of scientific articles. In the investigation it was concluded that it helps to determine the applicable criminal law to be used, therefore, it seeks to identify if the principle of legality and its guarantees described in the criminal code should be considered.

The real meaning of the black belt in Karate Do

Rubén D. Collantes-González — Fri, 07 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of this essay was to reflect on the real meaning of the black belt in Karate Do, for which specialized literature on the subject was consulted. Among the motivations for preparing this document, there is, firstly, the emergence of some “masters” with advanced ranks in Karate or other disciplines, who are not duly supported by suitable instructors or serious organizations and lack the technical (time of practice), pedagogical and philosophical fundamentals to be able to teach; Secondly, the parallelism between the formation as a karateka and as a human being. In short, being a black belt goes beyond the ego of the practitioner, because the actions of those who reach this level must respond to knowledge, maturity and consolidated values, which guide performance as a productive entity in society.