Synergía

Editorial

Antonio Oses Castillo — 2025-11-01

Health interventions on the problems detected in a rural community in the interior of Panama.

Priscilla Vergara — 2025-11-01

The WHO has once again activated the Primary Health Care centers to minimize and improve the physical and mental well-being of the population, the nursing staff has an essential role in achieving this objective, so it is expected that the population will be informed, through the different strategies implemented by the health centers, especially in rural areas, which is where the need to increase the quality of life of the population is evident. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the results of an intervention carried out in a rural community in the interior of Panama, implementing actions and techniques that influence the health and quality of life of the inhabitants. It is non-experimental, participatory, mixed, exploratory and longitudinal research in which the actions carried out in an intervention plan to improve the quality of life of the inhabitants are identified, based on the problems found in the community. The researchers show that health interventions have positive outcomes, especially when composed with community members and a multidisciplinary team. The intervention aimed to reduce the prevalence of Noncommunicable Diseases in the community population, through informing, training, diagnosing and offering treatments to the population on topics of interest that can minimize the effects of these diseases. Actions such as fairs, activities, training, among others, are activities that must be carried out periodically in the community to achieve the proposed objectives.

Implementation of BBC Learning English to strengthen reading comprehension in twelfth grade at José Antonio Remón Cantera.

Enelda María Batista Rodríguez — 2025-11-01

This study analyzes the impact of using the BBC Learning English platform on the development of English reading comprehension skills of 12th grade students at José Antonio Remón Cantera High School, in Panama. Despite the efforts of the Panamanian education system to improve proficiency in English as a foreign language, reading comprehension remains one of the greatest difficulties for students. The research uses a quasi-experimental design in which two groups are compared: a control group, which continued to receive traditional English instruction, and an experimental group, which used BBC Learning English as pedagogical support during the same period. For nine weeks, both groups were evaluated through pre-tests and post-tests of reading comprehension, to measure the progress in their skills. The results indicated that the experimental group, which worked with the BBC Learning English platform, experienced a significant improvement compared to the control group. This highlights the effectiveness of integrating digital tools into the English teaching process, particularly regarding reading comprehension, a key skill for language learning. The study highlights the importance of incorporating educational technologies into the classroom, where students have little exposure to English outside of the school environment. Finally, it is concluded that platforms such as BBC Learning English are valuable for improving reading skills and can be used as effective resources to address deficiencies in English teaching.

Impact of artificial intelligence on panamanian banking

Roberto Cañizales — 2025-11-01

During the pandemic, banks were forced to modernize their operations to improve customer experience, leading to the rise of digital channels and an increase in banking transactions. This phenomenon is analyzed by compiling financial articles from academic journals, specialized contexts, and government agencies. Graphs and statistical indicators are analyzed to identify trends and performance indicators. The method includes a systematic document review analysis that included data collection on technological innovation, priority directed toward digital conversion, the use of artificial intelligence, and the acceptance of electronic channels in Panamanian and Latin American banks. Competition in the banking sector, combined with the pressure of low interest rates, has significantly reduced the operating profits of intermediaries, forcing traditional banks to adapt to the new digital environment. The customer loyalty system is based on time and money savings, security, community, and services such as balance inquiries and transfers. The use of e-banking is expected to reduce the need for in-person bank visits, make customer service more efficient, and reduce the risks of cash handling, theft, and loss. Furthermore, digitalization and the implementation of Artificial Intelligence allow banks to offer more efficient and personalized services, significantly optimize processes, and reduce fraud.

Educational inclusion

Samy Samuel Arrocha — 2025-11-01

Analyzing and addressing barriers to inclusive education is the fundamental objective of this study. A non-experimental quantitative description approach was implemented with a quantitative methodology. The research population consisted of 103 educators employed at both the Faculty of Education Sciences and the First Cycle General Basic Education Center in Tocumen. Non-probability sampling methods were employed, using a sample size identical to that of the total population. Data was collected through questionnaires containing closed-ended questions arranged according to a Likert scale. Statistical evaluation of the retrieved information was performed using SPSS software to calculate the absolute and relative frequencies of the results. Among other notable findings, more than half (59.2%) of respondents perceived the lack of adequately designed resources and materials as one of the main obstacles hindering curricular adaptation within inclusive education frameworks. Furthermore, more than half (58.3%) cited adverse attitudes among educators toward the inclusion of children with special needs as an additional contributing factor. 71.8% agreed with the use of educational technologies as supplementary aids. Finally, the results highlight the importance of structural and attitudinal interventions, improving teacher training and promoting fair practices. In this way, we are moving toward a more inclusive education system that responds to current challenges through social justice and pedagogical commitment.

Factors that influence the evaluation of Internal Social Responsibility of public employees

Oscar Licandro — 2025-11-01

In general, research on the application of Corporate Social Responsibility has focused on private companies. Despite the importance of the public sector as an employer in many countries, little is known about its involvement in the application of social responsibility in general and, particularly, its internal dimension. The objective of this work is to know the evaluation of public employees in Uruguay on the Internal Social Responsibility of the public organizations in which they work (central government, departmental governments, public companies, etc.). A random sample of 183 public employees residing in the different regions of this country was chosen, to whom a questionnaire was sent via advertising on Facebook. The perception of Internal Social Responsibility was operationalized with eleven indicators, which were measured with a Likert scale of agreement. The questionnaire included a battery of segmentation variables, each of which operationalizes a factor that could exert some kind of influence on that perception. It was found that a negative opinion predominates on the application of Internal Social Responsibility of public organizations and companies. It was also found that this opinion is strongly associated with the type of tasks that the respondents perform and with their membership in a union. In addition, this opinion is slightly associated with their ideological profile. However, it was independent of the socio-demographic profile (gender, age, educational level, region of residence), salary level, or seniority in the company.

Practical study in the Punta Chame Gorge sector facing coastal loss

Irving Isaac Isaza Santos — 2025-11-01

This study contemplates the loss of coastal area in the Garganta de Punta Chame and one of the causes being the deviation of the mouth of the Chame River in 1972, for this we will apply the use of remote sensing as a tool so that in this study this loss can be evaluated with satellite images between 2005 and 2023 where we will include forest areas, bodies of water, deforestation, urbanization and sandy sectors and applying supervised classification, a tool of geographic information systems, it was found that the water body variable has increased by 3.4% while the rest of the study variables (forest cover and urban sectors) have shown a decrease in their area of ??occupation.

Language with flavor

Yolanda Alicia Trujillo Delgado — 2025-11-01

This study explores how the colloquial words found in the linguistic landscape of the fondas of Panama Oeste go beyond simple communication, as they are part of their identity and culture. The objective of this research was to identify and analyze the most prominent colloquial voices in the daily speech of its inhabitants, as well as to understand their communicative function and their roots in the community. To this end, a qualitative approach was applied, combining documentary, linguistic and sociolinguistic analysis to understand the evolution and use of these terms. The findings demonstrate that colloquial language is not static, but adapts to the social, historical and geographical dynamics of the environment. It is concluded that more than just words, these expressions strengthen the sense of belonging and preserve the traditions of the towns that are part of the tenth province.

The use of podcasts to improve listening comprehension in students of english at CRULS

Arquímedes Vásquez — 2025-11-01

The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of using podcasts on improving listening comprehension among second-year afternoon students at CRULS. A quantitative research approach was employed, and specific designs, such as descriptive and non-experimental, were used to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the research problem. The instrument used in this study was a survey containing closed-ended questions. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques to provide important and relevant insights from students who used podcasts to enhance their listening comprehension. The results showed that students perceived podcasts as more engaging than traditional listening materials, with 100% acceptance. Due to their accessibility, varied content, and exposure to authentic language, podcasts had a high level of appeal among second-year students at CRULS.

Vicarious Violence

Tixeira Gisel Estrada Ortiz — 2025-11-01

This study analyzes vicarious violence as an extreme form of gender-based violence, characterized by the use of children as instruments of aggression against women. Although recognized by international literature and human rights jurisprudence, this phenomenon remains unregulated in Panama, limiting judicial response. The aim of the research was to highlight the need for its legal recognition and to assess social perceptions of the issue. A mixed methodology was used: documentary review and quantitative data from a structured survey of 110 adults. Findings revealed widespread unfamiliarity with the term but a strong awareness of its consequences and high demand for legal and educational reform. It concludes that Panama’s legislative omission violates the principle of comprehensive protection and revictimizes both women and children subjected to this type of violence.

The reality of community journalism in the Ngäbe-Buglé region

José Herrera — 2025-11-01

This article examines the current state of community journalism in the Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca of Panama. Through a narrative yet rigorous approach, it analyzes the social and technological conditions framing the emergence of community media in this indigenous region, as well as the profiles of its communicators and the reach of their platforms. A qualitative case study methodology is employed, including interviews with young local communicators, analysis of statistical data on media access, and a literature review. The findings reveal a challenging panorama: the Comarca faces significant gaps in connectivity and infrastructure, but at the same time, youth-led community radio initiatives are emerging, driven by indigenous youth committed to informing their communities in their own language and context. The social implications of these experiences are discussed, highlighting both their potential to empower a historically marginalized population and the legal, economic, and technical obstacles that limit their development. Finally, recommendations are offered to strengthen Ngäbe-Buglé community journalism as a tool for inclusion, cultural preservation, and local development.

Perception of new trends in men's fashion items by Panamanian and South American customers

Maricsa Jerkovic — 2025-11-01

The aim of this preliminary market study was to know the perception of Panamanian and South American customers regarding some men's fashion items. A handbag with a handle from a recognized brand was chosen, which was shown in person and through Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). A non-probabilistic snowball sampling was carried out with 50 people: 25 Panamanians (17 men and 8 women), 12 Colombians (9 women and 3 men), five Ecuadorians (4 women and 1 man) and eight Peruvians (5 men and 3 women); with ages between 25 and 78 years. A chi-square test (? = 0.05) was applied to determine if nationality and sex influence the perception of the potential user of the bag. According to the results, 96% of the Panamanians consulted classified the bag as feminine and 4% as unisex; while 60% of South Americans perceived it as feminine, 36% as unisex and 4% as masculine. The chi-square test showed that nationality does influence consumer perception of men's fashion, but sex does not. In conclusion, some trends in men's fashion can be perceived differently, depending on the sociocultural context of the clients.

Innovation in mathematics teaching through student and teacher perceptions of the flipped classroom

Lorenzo Caballero Vigil — 2025-11-01

This article presents an integrative literature review focused on the perception of teachers and students on the implementation of the flipped classroom model in mathematics education in Central American countries: Panama, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua during the period between 2019 and 2024. The search was performed exclusively in Google Scholar, using key terms related to inverted classroom and perception in mathematics education, this review resulted in 33 articles found, of which 16 were discarded for not meeting the established selection criteria, which led to the reading of 17 articles of which once read, 14 were discarded for lack of specific information resulting in the inclusion of three articles in this study. The finding indicates that the inverted classroom represents an innovative pedagogical strategy with the potential to improve mathematics teaching in the region. However, its success depends on overcoming challenges associated with teacher training, technological infrastructure and curricular adaptation. It is concluded that it is essential to support educators with adequate training and resources, as well as to consider the particularities of the student body, to achieve an inclusive and effective implementation of the model in Latin American contexts.

Environmental resilience in sustainable graphic design projects developed at the university level.

Sayshy Jayko Ching Godoy — 2025-11-01

The overall objective of this academic research was to evaluate the integration of sustainable paradigms in the formulation and production of goods and services, with a specific focus on their environmental ramifications within a resilience-oriented society. Furthermore, the role of Panamanian universities in fostering environmental awareness and instilling social responsibility among their students was highlighted. The research utilized a descriptive methodological paradigm, employing mixed methods and an inductive approach. Data was meticulously collected through an extensive literature review, observational methods, and the analysis of personal experiences, complemented by a survey of graphic design professionals, which included multiple-choice and Likert-scale questions. The methodological framework implemented was non-experimental and employed a purposive sampling strategy, distinctive within the academic environment. The results revealed a substantial deficiency in knowledge of sustainable graphic design practices. Therefore, it was concluded that there is a dichotomy between professional practices and sustainable methodologies, making it necessary to establish strategic alliances that can promote initiatives conducive to both environmental preservation and the improvement of human quality of life.

Application of the NSGA-II algorithm in the multi-objective resolution of the sum of subsets problem

Noriel Cosme Toribio — 2025-11-01

The study presents the NSGA-II algorithm as an efficient and optimal tool for solving the Subset Sum Problem (SSP), which is a binary knapsack problem with diverse applications in areas such as investment management, production planning, and electronic circuit design. NSGA-II is a multi-objective genetic algorithm that uses selection, crossover, and mutation techniques, along with a non-dominated sorting approach, to evolve a population of solutions and obtain a set of non-dominated solutions known as the Pareto front. The study provides a detailed description of the algorithm's functioning, including the genetic operators and the non-dominated sorting approach. Furthermore, experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm in solving the SSP. Overall, the study provides a solid foundation for understanding the fundamentals and applications of the NSGA-II algorithm in multi-objective optimization.

Research attitudes and the English professors of the Centro Regional Universitario de Panama Oeste.

Javier Villalba Vásquez — 2025-11-01

This study employs the quantitative and descriptive method with a non-experimental approach and aims to analyze teachers' interest, vocation, and enjoyment of scientific research. The EACIN-R, a measurement tool based on the Likert Scale, was applied through mass communication channels like emails and WhatsApp. The sample was chosen using a probabilistic-random sample, and data corresponding to the study variables' items were collected and analyzed. The survey is drafted and distributed to the sample using the Google Forms platform. These results show that most of the English school teachers recognize and maintain positive interest, encouraging vocation, and a high regard for scientific research. They are willing to improve their research skills. More specific studies should be conducted on the intensity of the affective, cognitive, and behavioral factors that influence decision-making for conducting scientific research.

Contentious-administrative mechanisms for the protection of fundamental rights against public authorities

Alberto Enrique Petit Padilla — 2025-11-01

This study analyzed administrative litigation mechanisms as a legal means of protecting fundamental rights against public authorities in Panama. Its general objective was to examine the administrative litigation process as a legal instrument for oversight against acts or omissions by the public administration that could violate human rights, based on the Constitution, Law 135 of 1943, Law 38 of 2000, and international treaties ratified by the Panamanian State. The research employed a mixed-method approach, combining normative and documentary analysis with a survey of 70 participants (20 public servants and 50 litigating lawyers from the Azuero region). The main finding was that, although the Panamanian regulatory framework provides an adequate process for challenging harmful administrative acts, its practical effectiveness is limited by factors such as the complexity of the procedures, the slowness of the system, and citizen misinformation. It was concluded that, while the contentious-administrative process plays a key role in guaranteeing fundamental rights, strengthening it requires measures such as institutional training, procedural simplification, and the creation of specialized units. This would promote more effective judicial protection, consistent with international human rights standards and the principle of constitutional supremacy. This research provides empirical evidence and relevant theoretical reflections for optimizing access to administrative justice and guaranteeing fundamental rights in the contemporary Panamanian context.

Priority Dimension of Educational Supervision in Physical Education as Perceived by Teachers in Costa Rica and Panama.

Elzebir Tejedor De León — 2025-11-01

The objective of this study was to identify the supervisory action dimension considered most important by Physical Education teachers from Costa Rica and Panama. A structured questionnaire was administered to 80 teachers from both countries, using a Likert scale to evaluate four dimensions: Personal-Social-Professional, Curricular Planning, Technical-Pedagogical, and Evaluation. Results showed that, in both contexts, the Personal-Social-Professional dimension was rated as the most important, although Costa Rican teachers assigned significantly higher scores compared to their Panamanian counterparts. Additionally, greater variability was observed in the Panamanian teachers' responses, indicating more heterogeneous perceptions. The dimensions of Curricular Planning, Technical-Pedagogical, and Evaluation were considered less important in both countries. These findings highlight the need to strengthen supervisory practices, adapt them to local realities, and to promote an integrated supervision approach that supports the professional development of Physical Education teachers. Further qualitative research is recommended to explore the underlying causes of the differences found.

Higher education and educational quality in Panama

Janina Castro Campbell — 2025-11-01

The present study critically analyzed the current situation of higher education in Panama, with special emphasis on educational quality and the role of public policies. Through qualitative documentary analysis design, reports from national (MEDUCA, CONEAUPA, SENACYT) and international (World Bank, UNESCO) entities were examined, along with a systematic review of academic literature published between 2015 and 2025. The findings reveal a central paradox: despite notable growth in coverage and institutional diversification, structural weaknesses persist that negatively affect educational quality. Among the most critical challenges identified are the insufficient qualification of the teaching staff, where barely 30% hold postgraduate degrees; limited investment in research and development (R&D), below 0.2% of GDP; the prevalence of outdated curricula; and deep equity gaps that limit access for vulnerable populations. The document underscores that institutional fragmentation, poor coordination among key stakeholders, and deficient public funding act as barriers to systemic transformation. The public policies implemented, although well-intentioned, have had a limited impact due to these structural obstacles. Therefore, it is imperative to move towards a comprehensive reform of the higher education system that prioritizes quality, relevance, and inclusion. This transformation requires a strategic, sustained, and participatory vision that strengthens governance, increases investment, and consolidates effective quality assurance mechanisms so that higher education can fulfill its role as an engine of social and economic development.

Constructive innovation for climate-smart infrastructure in Panamá

Gabriel Montúfar — 2025-11-01

The impacts of climate change on construction are especially severe in tropical climates, such as Panama's, where high temperatures, sustained humidity, and heavy rainfall facilitate building degradation mechanisms. This article presents a recent systematic review on the incorporation of nanotechnology in geo-polymers as a sustainable option for climate-resilient infrastructure in the Panama Canal, road networks, ports, and urban environments. The behavior of some representative nanomaterials is described: nano-silica, nano-alumina, nanoTiO?, nanoZnO, nano-clays, and nanotubes. Their mechanisms of action are also described: microstructure enhancement, porosity reduction, matrix densification, and formation of N-A-S-H/C-A-S-H gels. The evidence compiled translates into marked increases in compressive and flexural strength, elastic modulus, and thermal stability; improved durability against chlorides, sulfates, and acid attack; and functions such as self-cleaning photocatalytic properties. In environmental terms, the use of byproducts (fly ash, slag, construction waste) enables a CO? reduction of up to 80% compared to Portland cement and supports circular economy strategies. Comparative property tables are generated, and mention is made of the potential of machine learning models that predict performance and optimize mixes based on local conditions. Prioritized applications for Panama include elements exposed to marine environments and wet-dry cycles, pavements subject to heat islands, and vulnerable urban systems.

Comprehensive analysis of products, services, and quality of service at the National Bank of Panama, Capira Branch

Xavier Alejandro Hernández Sánchez — 2025-11-01

The report describes the research experience conducted over a four-month period at the Capira branch of the National Bank of Panama. It presents the background of this financial institution, its legal and regulatory context, organizational structure, objectives, authorized operations, and branch network. It focuses on the Capira branch, analyzing its financial products such as savings accounts, checking accounts, and fixed-term deposits, as well as its online banking services, mobile banking, and debit cards.

The objective of the research is the collection and analysis of periodic information on the financial products and services offered by the branch, as well as its monthly activities, describing the functions in the areas of platform, loans, and operations. In the platform area, tasks included opening savings accounts, assigning debit cards, issuing banking services, and handling customer inquiries. The methodology used in the research is based on a non-experimental, descriptive-correlational, cross-sectional quantitative approach, which examines the performance of products and services from April to July 2023, evaluating indicators such as the opening of savings accounts, debit cards assigned, and banking services issued. The results identify correlations between variables and calculate monthly growth rates. As the most relevant concluding aspect, the report highlights the operational and administrative functions of the main services regularly provided by the financial institution in the Capira district, summarized in charts, tables, and statistical graphs, showing significant results in Panama’s competitive banking sector, and emphasizing the importance of customer service, compliance with standards, and process efficiency.

Human Talent Management in the Police Sector. Case

Jerson Mauricio Rodríguez del Carmen — 2025-11-01

The purpose of this research was to identify the Human Talent Management (HTM) proposed by Chiavenato (2009) and (2011) in a police sector organization located in Veracruz, Mexico. The choice of topic was based on the social needs of putting people at the center as the central axis of organizations and seeing them as a key factor for organizational empowerment. For this purpose, an exploratory methodology was used based on two stages: 1) theoretical compilation on HTM and 2) information extraction from key actors in the organization. The results showed that the organization has applied and exemplified the HTM process, which allows for two important aspects: 1) the development of human talent based on an understanding of social needs and 2) contribution to the fulfillment of the organization's goals and objectives. Furthermore, it was concluded that, although HTM is present, it needs to be embodied in operating manuals or formal structures for its dissemination to all personnel working in the organization.

Emotional and physical effects experienced by nurses during the Covid-19 pandemic

Yesenia Llorente — 2025-11-01

Pandemics have been present in the history of humanity, for this reason this study aims to examine the emotional and physical effects suffered by nurses and health nursing technicians during the pandemic, describing the work environment to which they were subjected to establish strategies that adapt to the reality experienced by health personnel. The research is of a mixed exploratory type, with a phenomenological, non-experimental, exploratory-descriptive and cross-sectional design. The data collection techniques used were: observations made (place, work environment, organization) and a 47-item questionnaire. The sample consisted of 16 nurses who work in a public health institution in Penonomé. The results show that the staff had physical and emotional sequelae during the pandemic, among the physical effects are; Ailments of the body, such as; headaches, fatigue, muscle, joint and back pain, on the other hand, the emotional effects presented are; sleep disorders, feelings of fear, stress and anxiety were the frequent emotions. The situation experienced was difficult, due to the lengthening of hours, workload and the stress to which health personnel were subjected, affecting the tasks performed by nurses. It is necessary to develop mitigation plans that facilitate facing the problems found in this research, in order to be better prepared for future situations.

Social media as a strategy for digital innovation for the promotion of the Radio Laboratory of the Regional University Center of Panama Oeste.

Rolando Saavedra — 2025-11-01

Digital innovation strategies seek to transcend the limitations of traditional media to create a more interactive, participatory, and communicative experience. Instead of merely being a broadcasting channel, social media becomes a dynamic space for experimentation, growth, and connection with the audience. In this sense, the results of the study conducted to explore the potential of emerging social media as tools of digital innovation for the promotion of the Radio Laboratory of the Regional University Center Panama West (CRUPO) are presented. A descriptive methodological approach was employed, using questionnaires applied to students and interviews with experts in digital communication. The results indicate low usage of the radio laboratory, mainly attributed to limited promotion and visibility. Platforms such as TikTok, YouTube, and Instagram were identified as suitable channels to connect with the student community. The study concludes that the application of digital marketing strategies and the production of multimedia content can revitalize participation and strengthen institutional identity.

English teachers and task-based language teaching strategies

Joel Álvarez — 2025-11-01

The research focuses on task-based language teaching strategies implemented for English learning; Its objective is to examine the knowledge and experience that teachers have about these strategies in the classroom. The methodology used is descriptive, because an element is being characterized, in addition, it is exploratory-descriptive, with a quantitative and cross-sectional route. Two public schools and a public university, located in Panama City, were chosen, where teachers were randomly and voluntarily offered the opportunity to participate in the survey, of which 15 people responded, so this study seeks to generate information and at no time generalize the data obtained. The participants were English teachers from different Panamanian educational levels, primary, pre-middle, middle and higher. The instrument used was the survey, consisting of 14 questions, multiple choice and Likert scale. The results show that more than 80% of teachers have knowledge about task-based language teaching strategies, and that they are also interested in learning about this method because they recognize the importance and impact that this form of teaching has on the acquisition of a foreign language. Likewise, the professors emphasize the need to receive training to consolidate, promote and reaffirm knowledge on this topic, a context that is important, due to the primary role that teachers have in the success or failure of this methodology.

A study of anglicisms in Panamanian Spanish

Ana Grace Cruz Atencio — 2025-11-01

The U.S. presence in the Canal Zone during the 20th century, along with the worldwide influence in the 21st, has significantly influenced Panamanian Spanish. As a result, many English expressions have been incorporated into everyday speech, sometimes adopting different meanings that differ from the originals. This research investigates these anglicisms, both new and old ones identifying the categories in which they predominate and classifying their use accordingto the generation that make use of them the most. It also examines some of the semantic changes that have occureed because of their adoption in common speech. The research was based on a corpus of 150 terms gathered through semi-structured interviews with 100 university students. Every word was classified by thematic field, the generational group that uses it (youth, middle-aged adults, or all ages), and its semantic variations in the Panamanian context. The results indicates that the majority of these anglicisms are found in the areas of technology, media, and gastronomy, with young people being the group that uses them the most. Examples of semantic expansion phenomena are included, such as using vanity to refer to a dresser with a mirror; data to mean mobile internet data; and jet set to designate exclusive restaurants or places. These findings provide valuable insight into language contact in Panama and help understand how generational differences and globalization influence the semantic development of these borrowed words incorporated into the local Spanish.

Artificial intelligence and computational simulation as teaching strategies for understanding hypothesis tests

Doralbis Alfaro — 2025-11-01

In university-level statistics education, particularly in the topic of hypothesis testing, many students face difficulties in understanding abstract concepts such as the p-value, Type I and Type II errors, or the impact of sample size. In response to this challenge, this research proposes a didactic alternative based on the use of technological tools such as Google Colab, Python, and generative artificial intelligence models like ChatGPT to perform simulations that bridge theory and practice. Using a real case as a starting point, six simulations were conducted with different statistical parameters. This made it possible to concretely and visually observe how statistical decisions change when modifying variables such as the observed mean, standard deviation, significance level, and sample size. The results highlight not only the pedagogical value of simulations but also their ability to foster understanding, discussion, and reflection. Beyond calculations, students can visualize how sampling distributions behave and make decisions based on this, transforming the learning experience into something more participatory and meaningful. Additionally, the digital environment offers immediate feedback and opportunities to explore different scenarios, fostering real-time analytical skills. This approach does not seek to replace theory but rather to complement it with resources that make statistical thinking more accessible. In conclusion, computational simulation and artificial intelligence are valuable allies in rethinking how statistics is taught, enhancing both students’ understanding and interest.

Analysis of the Effect of Assisted Deep Learning on the Academic Writing of English Students

Pastor Pérez — 2025-11-01

This study examined the impact of Grammarly, a writing assistant powered by deep learning, on the quality of academic essays written in English by fifteen undergraduate students enrolled in the English program at the Regional University Center of Los Santos. Deep learning is a branch of machine learning that employs deep neural networks to process large volumes of data and identify complex patterns, enabling tools like Grammarly to provide immediate, accurate, and personalized feedback during the writing process. A quantitative quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design with a single group was implemented. Each participant produced two argumentative essays: one baseline essay and another after four weeks of guided use of Grammarly in academic tasks. Essays were assessed with an analytic rubric that measured grammatical accuracy, coherence, and cohesion, while a questionnaire explored students’ familiarity with and frequency of Grammarly use. Findings revealed a 48% reduction in grammatical errors per essay and an average increase of 0.8 points in coherence and cohesion scores (on a five-point scale), both statistically significant. Although 73% of the students reported awareness of Grammarly, only one third had used it prior to the study, highlighting a gap between knowledge and actual adoption. It is concluded that the pedagogical integration of writing assistants based on deep learning, supported by brief teacher training, can enhance linguistic accuracy and discourse development. Such integration represents an innovative strategy to strengthen academic writing competence in Panamanian higher education contexts.

Public Management Proposal for the creation of the Coastal Wildlife Refuge in the Puerto Caimito district

Cecilia Ortega — 2025-11-01

Puerto Caimito is a populated area belonging to the township of the same name in the district of La Chorrera, Panama Oeste province. It is a coastal area of great ecological and cultural value, where mangroves and wetlands sustain artisanal fishing and local identity. However, these ecosystems face degradation due to urbanization, pollution, and overexploitation. The objective of this study is to explore the possibility of creating a Coastal Wildlife Refuge that integrates environmental conservation, sustainable tourism, and community participation. The research takes a descriptive-propositional approach, based on a review of legal frameworks and environmental studies, supplemented by interviews with local stakeholders. The results show that the sample consisted of 147 people, 94.6% of whom were in favor of creating a wildlife refuge, which would allow for the conservation of critical habitats, diversification of the economy through ecotourism, and strengthening of territorial resilience. The discussion highlights the need for a participatory governance model, bringing together institutions, universities, and the community. It concludes that the refuge represents a strategic alternative for protecting biodiversity and consolidating a model of sustainable tourism development in Puerto Caimito.

Development of thinking and strategies applied by professors at the University

Berenice Carrera de Vallejos — 2025-11-01

The development of critical, creative, and autonomous thinking is an essential competency in higher education, as it enables students to confront complex situations, solve problems, and make informed decisions. The present study aimed to analyze the pedagogical strategies used by university faculty to foster the development of critical thinking and assess their impact on student learning. A quantitative approach was adopted, with a non-experimental, descriptive, and cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 40 faculty members and 50 students from the Faculty of Education Sciences of the San Miguelito Regional University Center (CRUSAM). Data collection involved two structured questionnaires distributed via Google Forms and validated by expert judgment. The results, analyzed using descriptive statistics, reveal that the strategies most frequently employed by faculty are reflective questioning, problem-solving, collaborative work, and discussion of complex topics. From the students' perspective, these strategies contribute to strengthening skills such as critical thinking, decision-making, and creativity. However, teachers identify challenges to their implementation, such as time constraints, work overload, and a lack of methodological training. In conclusion, these strategies not only positively impact academic performance but also promote comprehensive training consistent with the objectives of contemporary university education.

Studying Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise in the Kosovo Community

Miguel A. Méndez C. — 2025-11-01

This study evaluates the vulnerability of the Kosovo community, located in the corregimiento of Puerto Caimito, Panamá Oeste, to sea level rise due to climate change. Data on extreme events and soil-climate water balances projected for 2025, 2030, and 2050 were collected, complemented by exploratory interviews with residents to understand their perceptions of coastal risks. Additionally, field visits were conducted in affected communities, including Kosovo, San José, Punta Salazar, and Playa Grande. Analyses of exposure, vulnerability, and risk show that the community is highly exposed due to its physical-spatial location and limited adaptive capacity. The results highlight the need for risk management strategies tailored to local conditions and provide key information for planning mitigation and adaptation measures against sea level rise in coastal communities in Panama.

Evidence-Based Nursing: Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Care in Panama

José Alberto González Nieto — 2025-11-01

Evidence-Based Nursing (EBN) is an essential approach to ensure safe, efficient, and scientifically grounded health care by integrating the best available evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences. In Panama, its implementation has become increasingly relevant due to epidemiological changes, population aging, and the growing burden of chronic diseases, although gaps in both literature and practice still hinder its consolidation. This bibliographic review aimed to identify the main challenges and strategies to strengthen EBN in the country. A systematic search of publications from 2018 to 2023 was conducted in databases such as PubMed, SciELO, Cochrane Library, and Elsevier, using Spanish and English descriptors (“evidence-based nursing,” “implementation,” “Panama”) and applying inclusion criteria related to original studies, clinical guidelines, and technical reports. The selected information was analyzed through narrative synthesis, organizing the findings into thematic categories. The results indicate that the adoption of EBN faces barriers such as limited access to scientific information, a weak research culture, the absence of locally adapted clinical guidelines, and the high workload of nursing staff. However, significant opportunities were identified, including digital access to scientific resources, promotion of applied nursing research, development of context-specific guidelines, continuous training, and the integration of EBN into public health policies. It is concluded that consolidating EBN in Panama requires coordinated efforts among the Ministry of Health, universities, hospitals, and nursing professionals to establish it as a standard of practice, thus enhancing the quality and safety of patient care.

The struggle for Panamanian sovereignty

Belkis Atencio — 2025-11-01

This literature review article addresses the diplomatic process, social tensions, and political positions that converged in the historic hoisting of the Panamanian flag in the Canal Zone in the early 1960s. The analysis is framed within the evolution of bilateral relations between Panama and the United States, all stemming from the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903, and the escalation of Panamanian nationalism in the subsequent decades. We will examine the events of the November 3, 1959 riots, the subsequent and crucial diplomatic mission of Undersecretary of State Livingston Merchant, and the complex internal political debate within the U.S. administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The formal request by Panama for the raising of its flag and the intense controversy this generated in Washington are analyzed, where Cold War anti-communism and the interests of the resident American community ("zonians") clashed with the need to preserve hemispheric stability. The applied methodology was based on a descriptive and analytical approach, supported by an exhaustive review of primary sources (official documents, communiqués, and press of the time) and secondary sources (academic works and monographs), organized and validated through criteria of relevance and reliability. The research concludes with an assessment of the 1960 diplomatic resolution, analyzing its impact on Panamanian national consciousness, viewing it not as a final concession, but as a first step toward full sovereignty, setting a crucial precedent that would culminate in the Torrijos-Carter Treaties.

Education, Art and Sustainability

Mario Tuñón — 2025-11-01

This bibliographical documentary work analyzes the fundamental role of art in promoting sustainability and quality education within the framework of Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) of the UN 2030 Agenda and in the context of Industry 4.0. The study exposes the paradox that, despite its transformative potential, art is often marginalized in sustainability-oriented education systems. The study reviews the evolution of the relationship between art and industrial revolutions, highlighting how each technological stage has influenced the forms and functions of art. The method was based on an analytical, documentary, and bibliographic approach, which included a critical and systematic review of specialized secondary sources, such as books, scientific articles, theses, institutional reports, and academic documents. The selection of documents was carried out through searches in recognized academic databases and digital libraries, such as Google Scholar, Scielo, Redalyc, Latindex, Copérnico, university repositories and the journal portal of the University of Panama, prioritizing sources published between 1999 and 2023. The epistemic dimensions of art were addressed from Western and Global South perspectives, highlighting its value as a generator of knowledge, resistance and social transformation, with examples from Latin America and Panama.

Digital transformation in the communications of the panamanian public sector

Enereida G. de De La Cruz — 2025-11-01

This study examines the transformation of governmental communication in Panama driven by digitalization and the use of social media. An online survey was administered to 23 institutions, selected for availability and ease of contact, using an eight-question questionnaire on how Panamanian public institutions have incorporated these digital platforms into their communication strategies. The results confirm the centrality of Facebook, X (formerly Twitter), and LinkedIn, employed mainly for information dissemination. However, a predominantly one-way approach persists, restricting interaction, dialogue, and co-creation with citizens. Frequently cited limitations include a shortage of trained personnel, scarce resources for data analytics, and difficulties in measuring the real impact of communication actions, factors that slow the consolidation of digital transformation. The most critical finding is the absence, in most entities, of formalized strategies for crisis management and the operational monitoring of digital communication, which increases institutional risk, since critical scenarios demand immediacy, traceability, and transparency. The study concludes that institutions must evolve from dissemination toward bidirectional models supported by protocols, metrics, and capabilities. It is recommended to design strategies oriented toward measurable results; strengthen analytical and monitoring competencies; institutionalize guidelines for crisis response, moderation, and records management; and promote continuous training. These actions will enable agencies to leverage emerging technologies, improve the state–citizen relationship, and consolidate an effective and sustainable digital transformation in Panama’s public sector. Future studies should expand the sample, incorporate citizen perspectives, and evaluate outcomes using rigorous, comparative mixed methods. Reporting limitations and confidence intervals are encouraged to inform policy decisions and practice.

Human Talent Management from a Motivational Perspective

Verónica E. Tejedor V. — 2025-11-01

Motivation in organizational settings has been widely studied across various disciplines, given its relevance to human resource management, organizational development, and job performance. Despite the abundance of motivational theories, many organizations still face challenges in effectively applying these approaches in dynamic and culturally diverse work environments. This gap between theory and practice highlights the need to critically review existing models and their applicability to today’s business context. This article aims to analyze and synthesize the main motivational theories applied in organizational settings, identifying their core contributions, limitations, and practical utility in designing effective human resource management strategies. The review followed a theoretical and analytical approach, focused on the conceptual comparison of various motivational frameworks and their implementation in modern organizational contexts. Relevant academic sources were examined, including empirical studies and classical theoretical models. Priority was given to McClelland’s theory of learned needs, Locke’s goal-setting theory, and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, due to their historical significance and continued relevance in organizational practice. The results of the review show that work motivation is a dynamic phenomenon, influenced by internal factors (such as the need for achievement, power, and affiliation) and external ones (such as environmental conditions and organizational culture). It is concluded that a solid understanding and application of these theories represents a strategic advantage to enhance employee commitment, improve performance, and foster healthy work environments. Moreover, the need to continue researching motivational approaches tailored to the challenges of the contemporary business environment is emphasized.

Pedagogical English Grammar Approaches for ESL Learners

Gaspar Vargas — 2025-11-01

This systematic review examines various pedagogical approaches to grammar, aiming to help second language (L2) learners develop their communicative competence. Twenty journal articles on the use of teaching methods such as online grammar games, the Communicative Approach (CA), the audio-lingual method, the grammar translation method, and the eclectic method were included to evaluate their impact on students' speaking and writing performance, enabling them to communicate effectively in an English as a second language (ESL) environment. The objectives of this study were to identify and analyze traditional and modern pedagogical methods for teaching English grammar in ESL. To this end, the PRISMA criteria were used to search an initial total of 76 articles located on Research Gate, Academia, and Google Scholar, applying filters based on thematic relevance, publication period, full-text availability, and language. In some academic articles, contrastive grammatical analysis was used to highlight morpho-syntactic features, word order, and other aspects that influence the acquisition of L1 English grammar in L2. The results showed that teachers can use the eclectic method to teach English grammar to ESL students. The eclectic method combines the best of the approaches mentioned above to enable second language learners to develop their communicative skills. The results also showed that online grammar games, or gamification, have been shown to enhance L2 learning.

Governance in latin america faces two major challenges

Macarena Astudillo Aguirre — 2025-11-01

The term "educational governance" is gaining increasing significance in Latin America, as it refers to a new way of managing public policies based on reforms stipulated for the sector in pursuit of equity. Thus, state values and institutions demand citizen participation; initiatives for progress and improvement, which involve transparency measures such as planning, evaluation, and accountability, require placing the common good above the interests of social classes or power groups. Within this framework, the objective of this academic essay is to expose two central challenges facing educational governance in Latin America: State Agency and State Capture. Conceptualizing these citizen phenomena allows for the conception of actions to be implemented to challenge the normative models and patterns of governance that predominate, specifically, in Chile. For this reason, a theoretical and bibliographic review was employed, which allowed for the construction of a general framework for the issues. The results allow us to affirm that the current discussion does not revolve around whether or not it is appropriate to implement a governance system, but rather to determine how, who, and where to undertake actions to address the stipulated challenges.