Copyright (c) 2026 Oziel De Gracia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This article examines the fundamental role of Protection and Indemnity (P&I) Clubs in the international maritime sector. Through a mutual structure, these clubs provide civil liability coverage to shipowners, operators, and charterers, protecting them against risks that traditional insurers usually avoid. The study analyzes their historical evolution, operational mechanisms, relationship with international legislation, and impact on maritime safety and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, current challenges such as digitalization and adaptation to new regulations are discussed
