BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT AT THE SOUTHEASTERN SIDE OF DARIEN NATIONAL PARK, PANAMA

Pedro G. Méndez-Carvajal

Submitted May 25, 2023

Published 2023-05-25

Artículos

Vol. 25 No. 1 (2021): MESOAMERICANA

BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT AT THE SOUTHEASTERN SIDE OF DARIEN NATIONAL PARK, PANAMA

Pedro G. Méndez-Carvajal⁺⁻

PDF (Español (España))

Citación:

DOI: ND

Published: 2023-05-25

How to Cite

Méndez-Carvajal, P. G. (2023) “BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT AT THE SOUTHEASTERN SIDE OF DARIEN NATIONAL PARK, PANAMA”, Mesoamericana, 25(1), pp. 22–36. Available at: https://revistas.up.ac.pa/index.php/mesoamericana/article/view/3818 (Accessed: 23 November 2024).

Abstract

This study reports on biodiversity observed in the southeast of Darien province, Panama including Punta Cocalito next to the Pacific side of the Panama-Colombian border, observations along the Tuira river, Púcuro, and the intersection of the Cituro and Cupe river at the central-east Darien. Since the early 1900s, taxonomic review of these areas has been poor. Using Ad-libitum observations, Orion Camera System, and mist-nets, we confirm 18 species of medium sized and volant mammals, 161 species of birds, 34 orchids, six frogs and three snakes, with a first record of the copper parrot snake Leptophis cupreus. We confirm the southeastern Darien as an important biodiversity hotspot, threatened by anthropogenic activities and actions for the conservation of biodiversity in that area is urged.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

ADEBAYO, O.A. AND S.K. HALIDU. 2019. Avifauna Species Diversity and Abundance in Kainji Lake National Park, Niger State,
Nigeria. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity
(4):16-26.
ALTMANN, J. 1974. Observational study of behavior:
sampling methods. Behaviour 49(3-4): 227- 266.
BATISTA, A., AND L.D. WILSON. 2017. A new
Record for Leptophis cupreus (Cope, 1868) (Squamata: Colubridae) for Panama and Mesoamerica. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(3): 671-672.
BOVENDORP, R.S., F.T. BRUM, R.A.
MCCLEERY, B. BAISER, R. LOYOLA, M.V. CIANCIARUSO, AND M. GALETTI. 2019. Defaunation and Fragmentation Erode Small Mammal Diversity Dimensions in Tropical Forests. Ecography 42: 23–35.
BROCKELMAN, W., AND R. ALI. 1987. Methods for Surveying and Sampling Forest Primate Populations. In: C. W. Marsh CW and R.A. Mittermeier RA (eds) Primate Conservation inthe Tropical Rain Forest, Alan R. Liss, New York. pp 23-62.
CORTNEY, K.O. 1950. Report on the Recent Outbreak
of Joungle Yellow Fever in Panama. Ameri can Journal of Public Health 40: 417-426.
DUNN, F.I., AND F.L. LAMBRETCH. 1963. The
Hosts of Plasmodium brasilianum Gonder and von Berenberg-Gossler, 1908. Journal of Parasitology 49: 316-319.
ELLIOT, D.G. 1913. A review of the Primates.
American Museum of Natural History. Monograph, Series Vol.1 & 2. New York.
ESTRADA, A., J. SAENZ, C. HARVEY, E.
NARANJO, D. MUÑOZ, AND M. ROSALES-MEDA. 2006. Primates in agroecosystems: conservation value of some agricultural practices in Mesoamerican landscapes. In New perspectives in the study of Mesoamerican primates. Springer, Boston, MA. pp. 437-470.
ESTRADA A., P.A. GARBER, A.B. RYLANDS, C.
ROOS, E. FERNÁNDEZ-DUQUE, A. DI FIORE, ET AL., 2017. Impending Extinction Crisis of the World’s Primates: Why Primates Matter. Science Advances 3(1): e1600946.
FAGUA, J. C., BAGGIO, J. A., & RAMSEY, R. D.
Drivers of forest cover changes in the Chocó?Darien Global Ecoregion of South America. Ecosphere 10(3): e02648.
FORT, J., C. NIELSEN, A. CARVER, R. MORENO,
AND N. MEYER. 2018. Factors influencing local attitudes and perceptions regarding jaguars Panthera onca and National Park conservation in Panama. Oryx 52(2): 282-291.
GLANZ, W. 1990. Fauna de Mamíferos terrestres de la
isla Barro Colorado: Censos y Cambios a Largo plazo. In: E. Leigh E, et al (eds) Ecología de un Bosque Tropical. Presencia LTDA, Colombia. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, República de Panamá, pp 523-536.
GONZÁLEZ, P.E., A. SANTOS, R.J. MIRANDA.2004. Streblidae (Diptera: Pupipara) Ectoparásitos de Murciélagos en las Tierras Bajas del Parque Nacional Darién, Provincia de Darién, Panamá. Tecnociencia 6(2): 161-172.
HALDIN, M., AND J. ULFVENS. 1987. A note on the
efficiency of censusing waterbirds by boat. Ornis Fennica 64: 74-75.
HECKADON-MORENO, S. 1998. Naturalistas del
Istmo De Panamá: Un Siglo De Historia Natural Sobre El Puente Biológico De Las Américas. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and Fundación Santillana para Iberoamérica.
MAGURRAN, A.E., AND B.J. MCGILL. 2013.
Challenges and opportunities in the Measurement and Assessment of Biological Diversity. In: Magurran AE and McGill B (eds) Biological diversity: frontiers in measurement and assessment, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. pp. 1-7.
MATEO-VEGA, J., J.P. ARROYO-MORA, C.
POTVIN. 2019. Tree Aboveground Biomass and Species Richness of the Mature Tropical Forests of Darien, Panama, and Their Role in Global Climate Change Mitigation and Biodiversity Conservation. Conservation Science and Practice 1:e42. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.42
MÉNDEZ-CARVAJAL, P., AND L. CORTES-
ORTÍZ. 2020. Ateles geoffroyi ssp. grisescens. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020:e.T2287A17979753. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUC N.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T2287A17979753.en. Downloaded on 03 July 2021.
MÉNDEZ-CARVAJAL, P.G. 2019. A long term
monitoring study to evaluate the primate conservation status in Panama using species distribution modelling and complementary information (Doctoral dissertation, Durham University).
MÉNDEZ-CARVAJAL, P.G., M. RODRÍGUEZ-
MENJÍVAR, G. POZO-MONTUY, O.M. CHAVES, G. PONCE, B. RODRÍGUEZ.2017. Central American Spider Monkey Ateles geoffroyi Kuhl, 1820: Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama. In: Schwitzer C, Mittermeier RA, Rylands AB, Chiozza F, Williamson EA, Macfie EJ, Wallis J, Cotton A (eds) Primates in peril: the worlds 25 most endangered primates, 2016-2018. Gemini West, Bristol, UK. pp 91-95.
MÉNDEZ-CARVAJAL P.G. 2014. The Orion Camera
System, A New Method for Deploying Camera Traps in Tree Canopy to Study Arboreal Primates and Other Mammals: A Case Study in Panama. Mesoamericana 18(1): 9-23.
MÉNDEZ-CARVAJAL, P.G. 2012A. Preliminary
Primate Survey at the Chucanti Nature Reserve, Darien Province, Panama. Mesoamericana 16(3): 22-29.
MÉNDEZ-CARVAJAL, P.G .2012B. Estudio de
diversidad de mamíferos en cuatro hábitats de transición asociados a una plantación de teca (Tectona grandis) dentro de la Cuenca del Canal de Panamá, Las Pavas, La Chorrera, Panamá. Tecnociencia 14(2): 55-83.
MEYER, N., R. MORENO, AND P. JANSEN. 2013.
Distribution and conservation status of the Baird’s tapir in Panama. Tapir Conservation 30: 10-13.
MEYER, N.F.V., H.J. ESSER, R. MORENO, F.
VAN LANGEVELDE, AND O.Y. LIEFTING. 2015. An assessment of the terrestrial mammal communities in forests of Central Panama, using camera-trap surveys. Journal for Nature Conservation 26: 28-35.
MORENO, R.S., AND M. OLMOS. 2008. Estudio
preliminar sobre el problema de la depredación de ganado por jaguares (Panthera onca) y pumas (Puma concolor) en el Parque Nacional Portobelo, provincia de Colón, Panamá. Tecnociencia 10: 85–98.
MORENO, R., AND N. MEYER. 2015. Distributionand conservation status of the White-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) in Panama. Suiform Soundings 13(1): 32-37.
MORENO, R., N. MEYER, M. OLMOS, R.
HOOGESTEIJN, & A.L. HOOGESTEIJN. 2015. Causes of jaguar killing in Panama a long term survey using interviews. CATnews.
MORENO, R., A. BUSTAMANTE, P.G. MENDÉZ-
CARVAJAL, AND J. MORENO. 2016. Jaguares en Panamá: Estado actual y conservacion. In: Medellin R (ed) El jaguar en el Siglo XXI: La perspectiva Continental, CONABIO-Alianza WWF Telcel-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico. pp 211-239.
NAEEM, S., R. CHAZDON, J.E. DUFFY, C.
PRAGER, B. WORM. 2016. Biodiversity and human well-being: an essential link for sustainable development. Proc. R. Soc. B 283:20162091.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2091
NOSS, R.F., J.P. WILLIAM, B.A. SORRIE, A.S.
WEAKLEY, D.B. MEANS, J. COSTANZA, AND R.K. PEET. 2015. How global biodiversity hotspots may go unrecognized: lessons from the North American Coastal Plain. Diversity and Distributions 21: 236-244.
PORTER, J.A., C.M. JR. JOHNSON, JR, AND L.
DE SOUSA. 1966. Prevalence of Malaria in Panamanian Primates. Journal of Parasitology 52(4): 669-670.
RENJIFO, L.M., A. REPIZO, J.M. RUIZ-OVALLE,
S.P. OCAMPO, AND J.E. AVENDAÑO. 2017. New bird distributional data from Cerro Tacarcuna, with implications for conservation in the Darién highlands of Colombia. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 137: 46-66.
RODRÍGUEZ-HERRERA, B., L. VÍQUEZ-R., E.
CORDERO-SCHMIDT, J.M. SANDOVAL, AND A. RODRÍGUEZ-DURÁN. 2016. Energetics of tent roosting in bats: the case of Ectophylla alba and Uroderma bilobatum(Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Journal of Mammalogy 97(1): 246-252.
ROSS, C., AND N. REEVE. 2003. Survey and Census
Methods: Population Distribution and Density. In: Setchell JM, and Curtis DJ (eds). Field and Laboratory Methods in Primatology, Cambridge University Press, UK. pp. 111-131.
RYLANDS, A.B., C.P. GROVES, R.A.,
MITTERMEIER, L. CORTÉS-ORTIZ, AND J.J. HINES. 2006. Taxonomy and Distributions of Mesoamerican Primates. In: Estrada A, Garber PA, Pavelka M, and Luecke L (Eds.), New perspectives in the study of Mesoamerican Primates, Springer US. pp. 29-79.
SHANNON, C.E., AND W. WEAVER. 1949. The
Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
TIRIRA, D., P.G. MÉNDEZ-CARVAJAL, A.L.
MORALES-JIMÉNEZ. 2017. Brown-Headed Spider Monkey Ateles fusciceps Gray, 1866, Ecuador, Colombia, Panamá (2006, [2012, 2014 (A. f. fusciceps only)],2016) In: C. Schwitzer, R.A. Mittermeier, A.B. Rylands, F. Chiozza, E.A. Williamson, E.J. Macfie, J. Wallis and A. Cotton (eds.), Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018, IUCNSSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society, Arlington,VA. pp. 91-95.
VILLARREAL, H., M. ÁLVAREZ, S. CÓRDOBA,
F. ESCOBAR, G. FAGUA, F. GAST, ET AL. 2006. Métodos para el análisis de datos: una aplicación para resultados provenientes de caracterizaciones de biodiversidad. Man. In: Villa GCM Métodos Para el Desarro. Inventar. Biodiversidad. Inst. Investig. Recur. Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia. pp. 185-226.
WEGE, D. 1996. Threatened birds of the Darién
highlands, Panama: A reassessment. Bird Conservation International 6(2): 175-179.
WILSON, D. E., R.F. COLE, J.D. NICHOLS, AND
M.S. FOSTER. 1996. Measuring and monitoring biological diversity standard methods for mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington.
WRIGHT, S.J., H. ZEBALLOS, I. DOMÍNGUEZ,
M. GALLARDO, R. MORENO, AND R. IBÁÑEZ. 2000. Poachers alter mammal abundance, seed dispersal, and seed predation in a Neotropical forest. Conservation Biology 14(1): 227-239.

Keywords

PDF (Español (España))

Resumen visto - 280 veces
PDF (Español (España)) descargado - 170

Licencia

Content Top

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Pedro G. Méndez-Carvajal, Iris Gómez de Huertas, Karol M. Gutiérrez-Pineda, Ricardo S. Moreno, Marcos A. Peñafiel, Amy S. Girón-Rengifo, Elena Méndez-Carvajal, Pedro A. González-Hernández, Angélica Ortiz, Regenerative potential of gallery forests based on diversity and abundance of mammals in the El Montuoso Forest Reserve and tributaries of the La Villa river, Herrera, Panama , Mesoamericana: Vol. 24 No. 1 (2020): Mesoamericana
Pedro A. González-Hernández, Iris Gómez de Huertas, Reynaldo Vargas, Karol M. Gutiérrez-Pineda, Pedro G. Méndez-Carvajal, Uso de dormideros de un grupo de Aotus zonalis en Pajonal, Coclé, República de Panamá. , Mesoamericana: Vol. 24 No. 1 (2020): Mesoamericana
Pedro G. Méndez-Carvajal, ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF UNDERSTORY BIRDS IN THE CERRO CHUCANTÍ PRIVATE NATURAL RESERVE, DARIÉN, PANAMA , Mesoamericana: Vol. 25 No. 1 (2021): MESOAMERICANA

[1] ADEBAYO, O.A. AND S.K. HALIDU. 2019. Avifauna Species Diversity and Abundance in Kainji Lake National Park, Niger State,

[2] Nigeria. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity

[3] (4):16-26.

[4] ALTMANN, J. 1974. Observational study of behavior:

[5] sampling methods. Behaviour 49(3-4): 227- 266.

[6] BATISTA, A., AND L.D. WILSON. 2017. A new

[7] Record for Leptophis cupreus (Cope, 1868) (Squamata: Colubridae) for Panama and Mesoamerica. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(3): 671-672.

[8] BOVENDORP, R.S., F.T. BRUM, R.A.

[9] MCCLEERY, B. BAISER, R. LOYOLA, M.V. CIANCIARUSO, AND M. GALETTI. 2019. Defaunation and Fragmentation Erode Small Mammal Diversity Dimensions in Tropical Forests. Ecography 42: 23–35.

[10] BROCKELMAN, W., AND R. ALI. 1987. Methods for Surveying and Sampling Forest Primate Populations. In: C. W. Marsh CW and R.A. Mittermeier RA (eds) Primate Conservation inthe Tropical Rain Forest, Alan R. Liss, New York. pp 23-62.

[11] CORTNEY, K.O. 1950. Report on the Recent Outbreak

[12] of Joungle Yellow Fever in Panama. Ameri can Journal of Public Health 40: 417-426.

[13] DUNN, F.I., AND F.L. LAMBRETCH. 1963. The

[14] Hosts of Plasmodium brasilianum Gonder and von Berenberg-Gossler, 1908. Journal of Parasitology 49: 316-319.

[15] ELLIOT, D.G. 1913. A review of the Primates.

[16] American Museum of Natural History. Monograph, Series Vol.1 & 2. New York.

[17] ESTRADA, A., J. SAENZ, C. HARVEY, E.

[18] NARANJO, D. MUÑOZ, AND M. ROSALES-MEDA. 2006. Primates in agroecosystems: conservation value of some agricultural practices in Mesoamerican landscapes. In New perspectives in the study of Mesoamerican primates. Springer, Boston, MA. pp. 437-470.

[19] ESTRADA A., P.A. GARBER, A.B. RYLANDS, C.

[20] ROOS, E. FERNÁNDEZ-DUQUE, A. DI FIORE, ET AL., 2017. Impending Extinction Crisis of the World’s Primates: Why Primates Matter. Science Advances 3(1): e1600946.

[21] FAGUA, J. C., BAGGIO, J. A., & RAMSEY, R. D.

[22] Drivers of forest cover changes in the Chocó?Darien Global Ecoregion of South America. Ecosphere 10(3): e02648.

[23] FORT, J., C. NIELSEN, A. CARVER, R. MORENO,

[24] AND N. MEYER. 2018. Factors influencing local attitudes and perceptions regarding jaguars Panthera onca and National Park conservation in Panama. Oryx 52(2): 282-291.

[25] GLANZ, W. 1990. Fauna de Mamíferos terrestres de la

[26] isla Barro Colorado: Censos y Cambios a Largo plazo. In: E. Leigh E, et al (eds) Ecología de un Bosque Tropical. Presencia LTDA, Colombia. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, República de Panamá, pp 523-536.

[27] GONZÁLEZ, P.E., A. SANTOS, R.J. MIRANDA.2004. Streblidae (Diptera: Pupipara) Ectoparásitos de Murciélagos en las Tierras Bajas del Parque Nacional Darién, Provincia de Darién, Panamá. Tecnociencia 6(2): 161-172.

[28] HALDIN, M., AND J. ULFVENS. 1987. A note on the

[29] efficiency of censusing waterbirds by boat. Ornis Fennica 64: 74-75.

[30] HECKADON-MORENO, S. 1998. Naturalistas del

[31] Istmo De Panamá: Un Siglo De Historia Natural Sobre El Puente Biológico De Las Américas. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and Fundación Santillana para Iberoamérica.

[32] MAGURRAN, A.E., AND B.J. MCGILL. 2013.

[33] Challenges and opportunities in the Measurement and Assessment of Biological Diversity. In: Magurran AE and McGill B (eds) Biological diversity: frontiers in measurement and assessment, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. pp. 1-7.

[34] MATEO-VEGA, J., J.P. ARROYO-MORA, C.

[35] POTVIN. 2019. Tree Aboveground Biomass and Species Richness of the Mature Tropical Forests of Darien, Panama, and Their Role in Global Climate Change Mitigation and Biodiversity Conservation. Conservation Science and Practice 1:e42. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.42

[36] MÉNDEZ-CARVAJAL, P., AND L. CORTES-

[37] ORTÍZ. 2020. Ateles geoffroyi ssp. grisescens. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020:e.T2287A17979753. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUC N.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T2287A17979753.en. Downloaded on 03 July 2021.

[38] MÉNDEZ-CARVAJAL, P.G. 2019. A long term

[39] monitoring study to evaluate the primate conservation status in Panama using species distribution modelling and complementary information (Doctoral dissertation, Durham University).

[40] MÉNDEZ-CARVAJAL, P.G., M. RODRÍGUEZ-

[41] MENJÍVAR, G. POZO-MONTUY, O.M. CHAVES, G. PONCE, B. RODRÍGUEZ.2017. Central American Spider Monkey Ateles geoffroyi Kuhl, 1820: Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama. In: Schwitzer C, Mittermeier RA, Rylands AB, Chiozza F, Williamson EA, Macfie EJ, Wallis J, Cotton A (eds) Primates in peril: the worlds 25 most endangered primates, 2016-2018. Gemini West, Bristol, UK. pp 91-95.

[42] MÉNDEZ-CARVAJAL P.G. 2014. The Orion Camera

[43] System, A New Method for Deploying Camera Traps in Tree Canopy to Study Arboreal Primates and Other Mammals: A Case Study in Panama. Mesoamericana 18(1): 9-23.

[44] MÉNDEZ-CARVAJAL, P.G. 2012A. Preliminary

[45] Primate Survey at the Chucanti Nature Reserve, Darien Province, Panama. Mesoamericana 16(3): 22-29.

[46] MÉNDEZ-CARVAJAL, P.G .2012B. Estudio de

[47] diversidad de mamíferos en cuatro hábitats de transición asociados a una plantación de teca (Tectona grandis) dentro de la Cuenca del Canal de Panamá, Las Pavas, La Chorrera, Panamá. Tecnociencia 14(2): 55-83.

[48] MEYER, N., R. MORENO, AND P. JANSEN. 2013.

[49] Distribution and conservation status of the Baird’s tapir in Panama. Tapir Conservation 30: 10-13.

[50] MEYER, N.F.V., H.J. ESSER, R. MORENO, F.

[51] VAN LANGEVELDE, AND O.Y. LIEFTING. 2015. An assessment of the terrestrial mammal communities in forests of Central Panama, using camera-trap surveys. Journal for Nature Conservation 26: 28-35.

[52] MORENO, R.S., AND M. OLMOS. 2008. Estudio

[53] preliminar sobre el problema de la depredación de ganado por jaguares (Panthera onca) y pumas (Puma concolor) en el Parque Nacional Portobelo, provincia de Colón, Panamá. Tecnociencia 10: 85–98.

[54] MORENO, R., AND N. MEYER. 2015. Distributionand conservation status of the White-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) in Panama. Suiform Soundings 13(1): 32-37.

[55] MORENO, R., N. MEYER, M. OLMOS, R.

[56] HOOGESTEIJN, & A.L. HOOGESTEIJN. 2015. Causes of jaguar killing in Panama a long term survey using interviews. CATnews.

[57] MORENO, R., A. BUSTAMANTE, P.G. MENDÉZ-

[58] CARVAJAL, AND J. MORENO. 2016. Jaguares en Panamá: Estado actual y conservacion. In: Medellin R (ed) El jaguar en el Siglo XXI: La perspectiva Continental, CONABIO-Alianza WWF Telcel-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico. pp 211-239.

[59] NAEEM, S., R. CHAZDON, J.E. DUFFY, C.

[60] PRAGER, B. WORM. 2016. Biodiversity and human well-being: an essential link for sustainable development. Proc. R. Soc. B 283:20162091.

[61] http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2091

[62] NOSS, R.F., J.P. WILLIAM, B.A. SORRIE, A.S.

[63] WEAKLEY, D.B. MEANS, J. COSTANZA, AND R.K. PEET. 2015. How global biodiversity hotspots may go unrecognized: lessons from the North American Coastal Plain. Diversity and Distributions 21: 236-244.

[64] PORTER, J.A., C.M. JR. JOHNSON, JR, AND L.

[65] DE SOUSA. 1966. Prevalence of Malaria in Panamanian Primates. Journal of Parasitology 52(4): 669-670.

[66] RENJIFO, L.M., A. REPIZO, J.M. RUIZ-OVALLE,

[67] S.P. OCAMPO, AND J.E. AVENDAÑO. 2017. New bird distributional data from Cerro Tacarcuna, with implications for conservation in the Darién highlands of Colombia. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 137: 46-66.

[68] RODRÍGUEZ-HERRERA, B., L. VÍQUEZ-R., E.

[69] CORDERO-SCHMIDT, J.M. SANDOVAL, AND A. RODRÍGUEZ-DURÁN. 2016. Energetics of tent roosting in bats: the case of Ectophylla alba and Uroderma bilobatum(Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Journal of Mammalogy 97(1): 246-252.

[70] ROSS, C., AND N. REEVE. 2003. Survey and Census

[71] Methods: Population Distribution and Density. In: Setchell JM, and Curtis DJ (eds). Field and Laboratory Methods in Primatology, Cambridge University Press, UK. pp. 111-131.

[72] RYLANDS, A.B., C.P. GROVES, R.A.,

[73] MITTERMEIER, L. CORTÉS-ORTIZ, AND J.J. HINES. 2006. Taxonomy and Distributions of Mesoamerican Primates. In: Estrada A, Garber PA, Pavelka M, and Luecke L (Eds.), New perspectives in the study of Mesoamerican Primates, Springer US. pp. 29-79.

[74] SHANNON, C.E., AND W. WEAVER. 1949. The

[75] Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

[76] TIRIRA, D., P.G. MÉNDEZ-CARVAJAL, A.L.

[77] MORALES-JIMÉNEZ. 2017. Brown-Headed Spider Monkey Ateles fusciceps Gray, 1866, Ecuador, Colombia, Panamá (2006, [2012, 2014 (A. f. fusciceps only)],2016) In: C. Schwitzer, R.A. Mittermeier, A.B. Rylands, F. Chiozza, E.A. Williamson, E.J. Macfie, J. Wallis and A. Cotton (eds.), Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018, IUCNSSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society, Arlington,VA. pp. 91-95.

[78] VILLARREAL, H., M. ÁLVAREZ, S. CÓRDOBA,

[79] F. ESCOBAR, G. FAGUA, F. GAST, ET AL. 2006. Métodos para el análisis de datos: una aplicación para resultados provenientes de caracterizaciones de biodiversidad. Man. In: Villa GCM Métodos Para el Desarro. Inventar. Biodiversidad. Inst. Investig. Recur. Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia. pp. 185-226.

[80] WEGE, D. 1996. Threatened birds of the Darién

[81] highlands, Panama: A reassessment. Bird Conservation International 6(2): 175-179.

[82] WILSON, D. E., R.F. COLE, J.D. NICHOLS, AND

[83] M.S. FOSTER. 1996. Measuring and monitoring biological diversity standard methods for mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington.

[84] WRIGHT, S.J., H. ZEBALLOS, I. DOMÍNGUEZ,

[85] M. GALLARDO, R. MORENO, AND R. IBÁÑEZ. 2000. Poachers alter mammal abundance, seed dispersal, and seed predation in a Neotropical forest. Conservation Biology 14(1): 227-239.

Cover image