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The study examines the risk and protective factors that influence bullying and cyberbullying in school environments, as well as their impact on students' mental health. Through a documentary review of 60 articles published between 2020 and 2023, key factors that either worsen or mitigate the prevalence of these forms of harassment were identified. Findings indicate that bullying and cyberbullying significantly affect students' emotional and psychological well-being, leading to anxiety, depression, and, in severe cases, suicidal thoughts. Risk factors such as lack of supervision, family dysfunction, and hostile school environments were highlighted, while protective factors include family support, social-emotional skills development, and preventive school policies. Finally, the study recommends implementing awareness programs, teacher training, and psychological support to reduce school bullying and foster a safe and respectful educational environment.
