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This work is intended to analyze the sanitary campaign against Hookworm disease (or tropical anemia) carried out by the Rockefeller Foundation jointly with the government of Panama from 1914 to 1929, in order to study the local hygienic and sanitary conditions and develop a practical intervention strategy to combat and control this parasitic disease, endemic in the country, which significantly affected the Panamanian population, especially in the interior of the republic. Due to its magnitude and scope, this campaign was the first important application of preventive medicine in the towns of the interior of the republic. The main sources used for the development of this work were the annual reports prepared by the representatives of the Rockefeller Foundation in Panama, the biannual reports presented to the National Assembly by the Secretaries of Development and of Agriculture and Public Works during the period under study, and texts related to the subject published in the country and abroad.