FISIOLOGÍA DEL ESTRÉS Y SU INTEGRACIÓN AL SISTEMA NERVIOSO Y ENDOCRINO

Emilio Romero; José Young; Rigomerto Salado-Castillo

Enviado octubre 26, 2024

Publicado 2026-02-02

Artículos de Investigación

Vol. 32 (2019): Revista Médico Científica

FISIOLOGÍA DEL ESTRÉS Y SU INTEGRACIÓN AL SISTEMA NERVIOSO Y ENDOCRINO

Emilio Romero⁺⁻
José Young⁺⁻
Rigomerto Salado-Castillo⁺⁻

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DOI: ND

Publicado: 2026-02-02

Derechos de autor 2024 Revista médico científica

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.

Resumen

El estrés se define como el mecanismo de enlace entre un agente estresor y su órgano diana, resultando en una respuesta psicofisiológica, caracterizada por liberación de glucocorticoides. En este estudio, revisamos los principales efectos del estrés en el sistema nervioso y endocrino; así como la relación entre el estrés y la alimentación. Al experimentar un evento estresor, en el hipotálamo se genera un aumento del factor de liberación de corticotropina, que al llegar al lóbulo anterior de la pituitaria promueve la secreción de hormona adrenocorticotrópica, esta última finalmente actuará sobre la corteza de las glándulas suprarrenales induciendo la liberación de glucocorticoides. El eje hipotalámico-pituitario-adrenocortical al ser estimulado por eventos estresantes, provoca la elevación de glucocorticoides que promueve la ingesta de comida, en particular alimentos con alto contenido calórico, esta ingesta puede ser utilizada por los individuos como método de afrontamiento contra el estrés y finalmente inducir el trastorno de obesidad.

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[1] Chrousos GP, Gold PW. The Concepts of Stress and Stress System Disorders: Overview of Physical and Behavioral Homeostasis. J Am Med Assoc. 1992;267(9):1244–52.

[2] Habib KE, Gold PW, Chrousos GP. Neuroendocrinology of Stress. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2001;30:695–728.

[3] McEwen BS. The neurobiology of stress: From serendipity to clinical relevance. Brain Res Interact. 2000;886(1–2):172–89.

[4] Selye H. The general adaption syndrome and the diseases of adaption. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1949;6:117–230.

[5] Selye H. Stress and disease. Science (80-). 1955;(122):625–31.

[6] Selye H. A syndrome produced by diverse Nocuous agents. Nature. 1936;138:32.

[7] Selye H. Thymus and adrenals in the response of the organism to injuries and intoxication. Br JExp Pathol. 1936;17:234–48.

[8] Seaward BL. Physiology of Stress. In: Managing Stress, principles and strategies and well-being. 2013. p. 53.

[9] Everly G, Lating JM. The Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Stress Response. In: A Clinical Guide to the Treatment of the Human Stress Response. 2013. p. 17–51.

[10] McEwen BS. Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: Central role of the brain. Physiol Rev. 2007;87:873–904.

[11] Chrousos G. Stressors, Stress, and neuroendocrine integration of adaptive response. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997;851:311–55.

[12] Gunnar M, Quevedo K. The Neurobiology of Stress and Development. Annu Rev Psychol [Internet]. 2007;58(1):145–73. Disponible en: http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605

[13] Goldstein DS. Adrenal responses to stress. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2010;30(8):1433–40.

[14] Frankenhaeuser M. Coping with stress at work. Int J Heal Serv. 1981;11(4):491–510.

[15] Stratakis C, Chrousos GP. Neuroendocrinology and pathophysiology of the stress system. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995;771:1–18.

[16] Pravosudov V V. Memory, Learning, Hormones and Behavior. Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior 2010.Elsevier Ltd; 2010. 434 p.

[17] Palkovits M. Organization of the stress response at the anatomical level. In: Progress in Brain Rsearch [Internet]. 1987. p. 47–55. Disponible en: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0079612308601958

[18] VollmerR. Selective neural regulation of epinephrine and norepinephrine cells in the adrenal medulla --cardiovascular implications . Clin Experimenntal Hypertens. 1996;18(6):731–51.

[19] Tsapatsaris N, Breslin D. Physiology of the adrenal medulla . Urol Clin North Am. 1989;16(3):439–45.

[20] Morilak DA, Barrera G, Echevarria DJ, Garcia AS, Hernandez A, Ma S, et al. Role of brain norepinephrine in the behavioral response to stress. 2005;29:1214–24.

[21] Bose M, Olivan B, Laferrere B. Stress and obesity: the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in metabolic disease. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2010;16(5):1–12.

[22] Cortés Romero CE. Estrés y cortisol: implicaciones en la memoria y el sueño. Elem [Internet]. 2011;82:6. Disponible en: http://www.elementos.buap.mx/num82/pdf/33.pdf

[23] Del Hoyo Delgado MA. Estrés laboral. In: Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo. Instituto. Servicio de Ediciones y PublicacionesI.N.S.H.T. Madrid; 2001. p. 25–7.

[24] Szado S. Hans Selye and theDevelopment o the Stress concept. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998;851:19–27.

[25] Joseph Bravo P, De Gortari P. El estrés y sus efectos en el metabolismo y el aprendizaje. Biotecnología [Internet]. 2007;14:65–76. Disponible en: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006322303004736%0Ahttp://europepmc.org/abstract/med/10630643%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.08.017%0Aisi:A1996TT39400006%5Cnd:%5C1Refman12%5CPDF%5CRef_ID-4890.PDF%0Ahttp://www.tandfonline.com/do

[26] Cremaschi GA, Gorelik G, Klecha AJ, Lysionek AE, Genaro AM. Chronic stress influences the immune system through the thyroid axis. Life Sci. 2000;67(26):3171–9.

[27] Helmreich DL, Tylee D. Thyroid hormone regulation by stress and behavioral differences in adult male rats. Horm Behav [Internet]. 2011;60(3):284–91. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.06.003

[28] Antoni FA. Vasopressin as a Stress Hormone. Stress Neuroendocrinol Neurobiol. 2017;2(December):97–108.

[29] Bautista LE, Bajwa PK, Shafer MM, Malecki KMC, McWilliams CA, Palloni A. The relationship between chronic stress, hair cortisol and hypertension. Int J Cardiol Hypertens [Internet]. 2019;2(April):1–4. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchy.2019.100012

[30] Morton JJ, Padfield PL. Vasopressin and Hypertension in Man. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1986;8(7):101–6.

[31] Sapolsky RM, Romero LM, Munck AU. How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocr Rev. 2000;21(1):55–89.

[32] Mariotti A. The effects of chronic stress on health: New insights into the molecular mechanisms of brain-body communication. Futur Sci OA. 2015;1(3).

[33] Yaribeygi H, Panahi Y, Sahraei H, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. The impact of stress on body function: A review. Vol. 16, EXCLI Journal. Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors; 2017. p. 1057–72.

[35] Vol. 1350, Brain Research. 2010. p. 43–64. 59. Carrasco GA, Van De Kar LD. Neuroendocrine pharmacology of stress. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003;463(1–3):235–72. 60. Sinha R, Jastreboff A. Stress as a common risk factor for obesity and addiction. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;73:8:27–35. 61. Després J, Lemieux I, Prud ?homme D. Treatment of obesity: need to focus on high risk abdominally obese patients. Br Med J. 2001;322(7288):716–20. 62. Dallman MF. Stress-induced obesity and the emotional nervous system. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2011;21(3):159–65. 63. Langhans W, Geary N. Overview of the Physiological Control of Eating. In: Frontiers in Eating and Weight Regulation. 2010. p. 9–53. 64. Sominsky L, Spencer SJ. Eating behavior and stress : a pathway to obesity. Front Psychol. 2014;5(May):1–8. 65. Dallman MF, Pecoraro N, Akana SF, La Fleur SE, Gomez F, Houshyar H, et al. Chronic stress and obesity: a new view of “comfort food”. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A [Internet]. 2003;100(20):11696–701. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12975524%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC208820

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