EL VIRUS DEL PAPILOMA HUMANO Y SU RELACIÓN CON EL CÁNCER CUTÁNEO NO  MELANOMA

José Manuel Ríos Yuil; Manuel Ríos Castro

Submitted October 16, 2024

Published 2026-04-06

Artículos de Investigación

Vol. 23 No. 2 (2010): Revista Médico Científica

HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH NON-MELANOMA SKIN CANCER

José Manuel Ríos Yuil⁺⁻
Manuel Ríos Castro⁺⁻

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Published: 2026-04-06

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Abstract

The incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer in Australia is about 2 000 cases/100 000 population/year. The relationship between Human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer has been well established, but it has been less studied in the skin. There are many pathogenic mechanisms that could explain the relationship between the virus and the development of squamous cell carcinoma. The E5, E6 and E7 oncogenes favor cell cycle dysregulation and increased proliferation and survival of the cells of the papillomavirus-related carcinomas. Apparently the high risk mucous membrane subtypes of the virus can directly induce neoplasms through these mechanisms; however, viruses with cutaneous tropism usually act in conjunction with ultraviolet light to induce skin cancer.

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References

Sterry W. Skin diseases with high public health impact. Nonmelanoma skin cancer. Eur J Dermatol. 2007 Nov-Dec;17(6):562-3.
Patel RV, Frankel A, Goldenberg G. An Update on Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2011 Feb;4(2):20-7.
Ridky TW, Khavari PA. Pathways sufficient to induce epidermal carcinogenesis. Cell Cycle. 2004;3(5):621-4.
Martínez L, Ruiloba AM, Rodríguez ML. Principales causas de tumores malignos en la República de Panamá. Registro Nacional del Cáncer. 2007. [citado 26 Diciembre 2009] Disponible en URL: http://www.minsa.gob.pa/minsa/información de salud/estadisticas de salud.
Vasiljevic N, Hazard K, Dillner J, Forslund O. Four novel human betapapillomaviruses of species 2 preferentially found in actinic keratosis. J Gen Virol. 2008;89:2467-74.
Maufort JP, Williams SM, Pitot HC, Lambert PF. Human papillomavirus 16 E5 oncogene contributes to two stages of skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 2007 Jul 1;67(13):6106-12.
Cohen JL. Actinic keratosis treatment as a key component of preventive strategies for nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2010 Jun;3(6):39-44.
Samarasinghe V, Madan V, Lear JT. Focus on Basal Cell Carcinoma. J Skin Cancer. 2011;2011:328615. Epub 2010 Oct 24.
Mosterd K, Arits AH, Thissen MR, Kelleners-Smeets NW. Histology-based treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Acta Derm Venereol. 2009;89(5):454-8.
Uzquiano MC, Prieto VG, Nash JW, Ivan DS, Gong Y, Lazar AJ, Diwan AH. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma exhibits reduced actin expression. Mod Pathol. 2008 May;21(5):540-3.
Tarallo M, Cigna E, Frati R, Delfino S, Innocenzi D, Fama U, Corbianco A, Scuderi N. Metatypical basal cell carcinoma: a clinical review. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 7;27:65.
Almeida AC, Yamashita T, Conte B, Mattos AC, Veríssimo RP, Ferreira MC. Frequência do carcinoma basocelular na população menor de 50 anos: estudo do serviço e revisão de literatura. An Bras Dermatol. 2009 Dec;84(6):692-4.
Ferreira CB, Diniz LM, Souza Filho JB. Multiple basal cell carcinomas in the pubic area in a patient with skin type IV: case report. An Bras Dermatol. 2011 Jun;86(3):589-91.
Yanofsky VR, Mercer SE, Phelps RG. Histopathological variants of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a review. J Skin Cancer. 2011;2011:210813.
Santoro A, Pannone G, Contaldo M, Sanguedolce F, Esposito V, Serpico R, Lo Muzio L, Papagerakis S, Bufo P. A troubling diagnosis of verrucous squamous cell carcinoma (“the bad kind” of keratosis) and the need of clinical and pathological correlations: a review of the literature with a case report. J Skin Cancer. 2011;2011:370605.
Jeon JH, Shin DM, Cho SY, Song KY, Park NH, Kang HS, et al. Immunocytochemical detection of HPV16 E7 in cervical smear. Exp Mol Med. 2007 Oct 31;39(5):621-8.
Zheng ZM, Baker CC. Papillomavirus genome structure, expression and post-translational regulation. Front Biosci. 2006;11:2286-302.
Munday JS, Kiupel M. Papillomavirus-associated cutaneous neoplasia in mammals. Vet Pathol. 2010 Mar;47(2):254-64.
Iftner A, Klug SJ, Garbe C, Blum A, Stancu A, Wilczynski SP, et al. The prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in nonmelanoma skin cancers of nonimmunosuppressed individuals identifies high-risk genital types as possible risk factors. Cancer Res. 2003 Nov 1;63(21):7515-9.
Andersson K, Waterboer T, Kirnbauer R, Slupetzky K, Iftner T, de Villiers EM, et al. Seroreactivity to cutaneous human papillomaviruses among patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer or benign skin lesions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Jan;17(1):189-95.
Chaudhary AK, Singh M, Sundaram S, Mehrotra R. Role of human papillomavirus and its detection in potentially malignant and malignant head and neck lesions: updated review. Head Neck Oncol. 2009;1:22.
Feller L, Khammissa RA, Wood NH, Lemmer J. Epithelial maturation and molecular biology of oral HPV. Infect Agent Cancer. 2009 Nov 25;4:16.
Sapp M, Bienkowska-Haba M. Viral entry mechanisms: human papillomavirus and a long journey from extracellular matrix to the nucleus. FEBS J. 2009 Dec;276(24):7206-16.
Zhang D, Zhang Q, Zhou L, Huo L, Zhang Y, Shen Z, et al. Comparison of prevalence, viral load, physical status and expression of human papillomavirus-16, -18 and -58 in esophageal and cervical cancer: a case-control study. BMC Cancer. 2010 Nov 26;10:650.
Ueda Y, Enomoto T, Miyatake T, Shroyer KR, Yoshizaki T, Kanao H, et al. Analysis of clonality and HPV infection in benign, hyperplastic, premalignant, and malignant lesions of the vulvar mucosa. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004 Aug;122(2):266-74.
Göppner D, Leverkus M. Basal cell carcinoma: from the molecular understanding of the pathogenesis to progressive disease. J Skin Cancer. 2011;2011:650258.
Boukamp P. Non-melanoma skin cancer: what drives tumor development and progression? Carcinogenesis. 2005 Oct;26(10):1657-67.
Ming M, He YY. PTEN: new insights into its regulation and function in skin cancer. J Invest Dermatol. 2009 Sep;129(9):2109-12.
Prince ME, Sivanandan R, Kaczorowski A, Wolf GT, Kaplan MJ, Dalerba P, et al. Identification of a subpopulation of cells with cancer stem cell properties in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 16;104(3):973-8.
Karagas MR, Nelson HH, Sehr P, Waterboer T, Stukel TA, Andrew A, et al. Human papillomavirus infection and incidence of squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas of the skin. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Mar 15;98(6):389-95.
Patel AS, Karagas MR, Perry AE, Nelson HH. Exposure profiles and human papillomavirus infection in skin cancer: an analysis of 25 genus ?-types in a population-based study. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:2888-93.
Weissenborn SJ, Nindl I, Purdie K, Harwood C, Proby C, Breuer J, et al. Human papillomavirus DNA loads in actinic keratoses exceed those in non-melanoma skin cancers. J Invest Dermatol. 2005 Jul;125(1):93-7.
Karagas MR, Waterboer T, Li Z, Nelson HH, Michael KM, Bavinck JN, Perry AE, Spencer SK, Daling J, Green AC, Pawlita M; New Hampshire Skin Cancer Study Group. Genus ? human papillomaviruses and incidence of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of skin: population-based case-control study. BMJ. 2010 Jul 8;341
.
De Koning MN, Quint WG, Pirog EC. Prevalence of mucosal and cutaneous human papillomaviruses in different histologic subtypes of vulvar carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2008 Mar;21(3):334-44
Hall L, Struijk L, Neale RE, Feltkamp MC. Re: Human papillomavirus infection and incidence of squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas of
the skin. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Oct 4;98(19):1425-6.
Jackson S, Ghali L, Harwood C, Storey A. Reduced apoptotic levels in squamous but not basal cell carcinomas correlates with detection
of cutaneous human papillomavirus. Br J Cancer. 2002 Jul 29;87(3):319-23.
Orth G. Human Papillomaviruses Associated with Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis in Non Melanoma Skin Cancers: Guilty or Innocent? J
Invest Dermatol. 2005 Jul;125(1):xii-xiii.
Akgül B, Ghali L, Davies D, Pfister H, Leigh IM, Storey A. HPV8 early genes modulate differentiation and cell cycle of primary human
adult keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol. 2007 Jul; 16(7): 590-9.
Forslund O, Lindelöf B, Hradil E, Nordin P, Stenquist B, Kirnbauer R, et al. High prevalence of cutaneous human papillomavirus DNA on the
top of skin tumors but not in “Stripped” biopsies from the same tumors. J Invest Dermatol. 2004 Aug;123(2):388-94.

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[1] Sterry W. Skin diseases with high public health impact. Nonmelanoma skin cancer. Eur J Dermatol. 2007 Nov-Dec;17(6):562-3.

[2] Patel RV, Frankel A, Goldenberg G. An Update on Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2011 Feb;4(2):20-7.

[3] Ridky TW, Khavari PA. Pathways sufficient to induce epidermal carcinogenesis. Cell Cycle. 2004;3(5):621-4.

[4] Martínez L, Ruiloba AM, Rodríguez ML. Principales causas de tumores malignos en la República de Panamá. Registro Nacional del Cáncer. 2007. [citado 26 Diciembre 2009] Disponible en URL: http://www.minsa.gob.pa/minsa/información de salud/estadisticas de salud.

[5] Vasiljevic N, Hazard K, Dillner J, Forslund O. Four novel human betapapillomaviruses of species 2 preferentially found in actinic keratosis. J Gen Virol. 2008;89:2467-74.

[6] Maufort JP, Williams SM, Pitot HC, Lambert PF. Human papillomavirus 16 E5 oncogene contributes to two stages of skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 2007 Jul 1;67(13):6106-12.

[7] Cohen JL. Actinic keratosis treatment as a key component of preventive strategies for nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2010 Jun;3(6):39-44.

[8] Samarasinghe V, Madan V, Lear JT. Focus on Basal Cell Carcinoma. J Skin Cancer. 2011;2011:328615. Epub 2010 Oct 24.

[9] Mosterd K, Arits AH, Thissen MR, Kelleners-Smeets NW. Histology-based treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Acta Derm Venereol. 2009;89(5):454-8.

[10] Uzquiano MC, Prieto VG, Nash JW, Ivan DS, Gong Y, Lazar AJ, Diwan AH. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma exhibits reduced actin expression. Mod Pathol. 2008 May;21(5):540-3.

[11] Tarallo M, Cigna E, Frati R, Delfino S, Innocenzi D, Fama U, Corbianco A, Scuderi N. Metatypical basal cell carcinoma: a clinical review. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 7;27:65.

[12] Almeida AC, Yamashita T, Conte B, Mattos AC, Veríssimo RP, Ferreira MC. Frequência do carcinoma basocelular na população menor de 50 anos: estudo do serviço e revisão de literatura. An Bras Dermatol. 2009 Dec;84(6):692-4.

[13] Ferreira CB, Diniz LM, Souza Filho JB. Multiple basal cell carcinomas in the pubic area in a patient with skin type IV: case report. An Bras Dermatol. 2011 Jun;86(3):589-91.

[14] Yanofsky VR, Mercer SE, Phelps RG. Histopathological variants of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a review. J Skin Cancer. 2011;2011:210813.

[15] Santoro A, Pannone G, Contaldo M, Sanguedolce F, Esposito V, Serpico R, Lo Muzio L, Papagerakis S, Bufo P. A troubling diagnosis of verrucous squamous cell carcinoma (“the bad kind” of keratosis) and the need of clinical and pathological correlations: a review of the literature with a case report. J Skin Cancer. 2011;2011:370605.

[16] Jeon JH, Shin DM, Cho SY, Song KY, Park NH, Kang HS, et al. Immunocytochemical detection of HPV16 E7 in cervical smear. Exp Mol Med. 2007 Oct 31;39(5):621-8.

[17] Zheng ZM, Baker CC. Papillomavirus genome structure, expression and post-translational regulation. Front Biosci. 2006;11:2286-302.

[18] Munday JS, Kiupel M. Papillomavirus-associated cutaneous neoplasia in mammals. Vet Pathol. 2010 Mar;47(2):254-64.

[19] Iftner A, Klug SJ, Garbe C, Blum A, Stancu A, Wilczynski SP, et al. The prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in nonmelanoma skin cancers of nonimmunosuppressed individuals identifies high-risk genital types as possible risk factors. Cancer Res. 2003 Nov 1;63(21):7515-9.

[20] Andersson K, Waterboer T, Kirnbauer R, Slupetzky K, Iftner T, de Villiers EM, et al. Seroreactivity to cutaneous human papillomaviruses among patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer or benign skin lesions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Jan;17(1):189-95.

[21] Chaudhary AK, Singh M, Sundaram S, Mehrotra R. Role of human papillomavirus and its detection in potentially malignant and malignant head and neck lesions: updated review. Head Neck Oncol. 2009;1:22.

[22] Feller L, Khammissa RA, Wood NH, Lemmer J. Epithelial maturation and molecular biology of oral HPV. Infect Agent Cancer. 2009 Nov 25;4:16.

[23] Sapp M, Bienkowska-Haba M. Viral entry mechanisms: human papillomavirus and a long journey from extracellular matrix to the nucleus. FEBS J. 2009 Dec;276(24):7206-16.

[24] Zhang D, Zhang Q, Zhou L, Huo L, Zhang Y, Shen Z, et al. Comparison of prevalence, viral load, physical status and expression of human papillomavirus-16, -18 and -58 in esophageal and cervical cancer: a case-control study. BMC Cancer. 2010 Nov 26;10:650.

[25] Ueda Y, Enomoto T, Miyatake T, Shroyer KR, Yoshizaki T, Kanao H, et al. Analysis of clonality and HPV infection in benign, hyperplastic, premalignant, and malignant lesions of the vulvar mucosa. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004 Aug;122(2):266-74.

[26] Göppner D, Leverkus M. Basal cell carcinoma: from the molecular understanding of the pathogenesis to progressive disease. J Skin Cancer. 2011;2011:650258.

[27] Boukamp P. Non-melanoma skin cancer: what drives tumor development and progression? Carcinogenesis. 2005 Oct;26(10):1657-67.

[28] Ming M, He YY. PTEN: new insights into its regulation and function in skin cancer. J Invest Dermatol. 2009 Sep;129(9):2109-12.

[29] Prince ME, Sivanandan R, Kaczorowski A, Wolf GT, Kaplan MJ, Dalerba P, et al. Identification of a subpopulation of cells with cancer stem cell properties in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 16;104(3):973-8.

[30] Karagas MR, Nelson HH, Sehr P, Waterboer T, Stukel TA, Andrew A, et al. Human papillomavirus infection and incidence of squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas of the skin. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Mar 15;98(6):389-95.

[31] Patel AS, Karagas MR, Perry AE, Nelson HH. Exposure profiles and human papillomavirus infection in skin cancer: an analysis of 25 genus ?-types in a population-based study. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:2888-93.

[32] Weissenborn SJ, Nindl I, Purdie K, Harwood C, Proby C, Breuer J, et al. Human papillomavirus DNA loads in actinic keratoses exceed those in non-melanoma skin cancers. J Invest Dermatol. 2005 Jul;125(1):93-7.

[33] Karagas MR, Waterboer T, Li Z, Nelson HH, Michael KM, Bavinck JN, Perry AE, Spencer SK, Daling J, Green AC, Pawlita M; New Hampshire Skin Cancer Study Group. Genus ? human papillomaviruses and incidence of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of skin: population-based case-control study. BMJ. 2010 Jul 8;341

[34] .

[35] De Koning MN, Quint WG, Pirog EC. Prevalence of mucosal and cutaneous human papillomaviruses in different histologic subtypes of vulvar carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2008 Mar;21(3):334-44

[36] Hall L, Struijk L, Neale RE, Feltkamp MC. Re: Human papillomavirus infection and incidence of squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas of

[37] the skin. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Oct 4;98(19):1425-6.

[38] Jackson S, Ghali L, Harwood C, Storey A. Reduced apoptotic levels in squamous but not basal cell carcinomas correlates with detection

[39] of cutaneous human papillomavirus. Br J Cancer. 2002 Jul 29;87(3):319-23.

[40] Orth G. Human Papillomaviruses Associated with Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis in Non Melanoma Skin Cancers: Guilty or Innocent? J

[41] Invest Dermatol. 2005 Jul;125(1):xii-xiii.

[42] Akgül B, Ghali L, Davies D, Pfister H, Leigh IM, Storey A. HPV8 early genes modulate differentiation and cell cycle of primary human

[43] adult keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol. 2007 Jul; 16(7): 590-9.

[44] Forslund O, Lindelöf B, Hradil E, Nordin P, Stenquist B, Kirnbauer R, et al. High prevalence of cutaneous human papillomavirus DNA on the

[45] top of skin tumors but not in “Stripped” biopsies from the same tumors. J Invest Dermatol. 2004 Aug;123(2):388-94.

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