LA AEROMICOLOGÍA Y SU IMPORTANCIA PARA LA MEDICINA.

José Manuel Rios Yuil

Submitted October 25, 2024

Published 2026-03-02

Artículos de Investigación

Vol. 24 No. 2 (2011): Revista Médico Científica

AEROMICOLOGY AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN MEDICINE.

José Manuel Rios Yuil⁺⁻

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Published: 2026-03-02

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Abstract

Aeromycology is the branch of Aerobiology that investigates the presence of spores and other fungal components in outdoor and indoor air. The fungi present in the air have been associated with the development of allergic disease, infections and mycotoxicosis. Invasive fungal infections are associated with high mortality rates, especially in immunocompromised patients. The purpose of the aeromycological study is to establish the presence and quantify the fungal bio-aerosols. The Andersen sampler is the most used in those studies. The main preventive measures for the transmission of airborne fungal diseases are: dust cleaning, equipment maintenance, humidity control, natural ventilation, high efficiency particle air filters, laminar air flow systems and disinfectants.

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References

Srikanth P, Sudharsanam S, Steinberg R. Bio-aerosols in indoor environment: Composition, health effects and analysis. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2008; 26(4): 302-12.
Angenent LT, Kelley ST, St Amand A, Pace NR, Hernandez MT. Molecular identification of potential pathogens in water and air of a hospital therapy pool. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005; 102(13): 4860-5.
Kasprzyk I. Aeromicology – Main research fields of interest during the last 25 years. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2008; 15(1): 1-7.
Cordeiro RA, Brilhante RS, Pantoja LD, Moreira Filho RE, Vieira PR, Rocha MF, et al. Isolation of pathogenic yeasts in the air from hospital environments in the city of Fortaleza, northeast Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis. 2010; 14(1): 30-4.
Warris A, Voss A, Verweij PE. Hospital sources of Aspergillus species: New routes of transmission? Rev Iberoam Micol. 2001; 18(4): 156-62.
Eames I, Tang JW, Li Y, Wilson P. Airborne transmission of disease in hospitals. J R Soc Interface. 2009; 6 Suppl 6: S697-702.
Martins-Diniz JN, da Silva RA, Miranda ET, Mendes-Giannini MJ. Monitoring of airborne fungus and yeast species in a hospital unit. Rev Saude Publica. 2005; 39(3): 398-405.
Tormo Molina R, Gonzalo Garijo MA, Muñoz Rodríguez AF, Silva Palacios I. Pollen and spores in the air of a hospital out-patient ward. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2002; 30(4): 232-8.
Ahearn DG, Price D, Simmons RB, Mayo A, Zhang ST, Crow SA Jr. Microcycle conidiation and medusa head conidiophores of aspergilli on indoor construction materials and air filters from hospitals. Mycologia. 2007; 99(1): 1-6.
Kim KY, Kim YS, Kim D. Distribution Characteristics of Airborne Bacteria and Fungi in the General Hospitals of Korea. Ind Health. 2010; 48(2): 236-43.
Kuhn DM, Ghannoum MA. Indoor Mold, Toxigenic Fungi, and Stachybotrys chartarum: Infections Disease Perspective. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003; 16(1): 144-72.
Augustowska M, Dutkiewicz J. Variability of airborne microflora in a hospital ward within a period of one year. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2006; 13(1): 99-106.
Mobin M, do Amparo Salmito M. Fungus microbiota in air conditioners in intensive care units in Teresina, Piauí. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2006; 39(6): 556-9.
Cárdenas MX, Cortes JA, Parra CM. Aspergillus spp. in risk areas of transplant patients in a university hospital. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2008; 25(4): 232-6.
Hedayati MT, Pasqualotto AC, Warn PA, Bowyer P, Denning DW. Aspergillus flavus: human pathogen, allergen and mycotoxin producer. Microbiology. 2007; 153(Pt 6): 1677-92.
Bourgeois GP, Cafardi JA, Sellheyer K, Andea AA. Disseminated Fusarium originating from toenail paronychia in a neutropenic patient. Cutis. 2010 Apr; 85(4):191-4.
Pappas PG, Alexander BD, Andes DR, Hadley S, Kauffman CA, Freifeld A, et al. Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: results of the transplant-associated infection surveillance network (TRANSNET). Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Apr 15; 50(8):1101-11.
Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, Park BJ, Alexander BD, Anaissie EJ, Walsh TJ, et al. Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001-2006: Overview of the transplant-associated infection surveillance network (TRANSNET) database. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Apr 15; 50(8):1091-100.
Guinea J, Peláez T, Alcalá L, Ruiz-Serrano MJ, Bouza E. Antifungal Susceptibility of 596 Aspergillus fumigatus Strains Isolated from Outdoor Air, Hospital Air, and Clinical Samples: Analysis by Site of Isolation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005; 49(8): 3495-7.
de Pauw BE. What are fungal infections?. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2011;3(1): e2011001. Pubmed PMID: 21625304.
Vanittanakom N, Cooper CR Jr, Fisher MC, Sirisanthana T. Penicillium marneffei Infection and Recent Advances in the Epidemiology and Molecular Biology Aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006 Jan; 19(1): 95-110.
Hocker TL, Wada DA, Bridges A, el-Azhary R. Disseminated zygomycosis heralded by a subtle cutaneous finding. Dermatol Online J. 2010; 16(9): 3.
Mayayo E, Landeyro J, Stchigel AM, Gazzoni A, Capilla J. Infiltración perineural por células fúngicas. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2010; 27(2): 94-7.
Távora LG, Gambale W, Heins-Vaccari EM, Arriagada GL, Lacaz CS, Santos CR, et al. Comparative performance of two air samplers for monitoring airborne fungal propagules. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2003; 36(5): 613-6.
Nunes ZG, Martins AS, Altoe AL, Nishikawa MM, Leite MO, Aguiar PF, et al. Indoor air microbiological evaluation of offices, hospitals, industries, and shopping centers. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2005; 100(4): 351-7.
Nielsen PV. Control of airborne infectious diseases in ventilated spaces. J R Soc Interface. 2009;6(Suppl 6): S747-55.
Maschmeyer G, Neuburger S, Fritz L, Böhme A, Penack O, Schwerdtfeger R, et al. A prospective, randomized study on the use of well-fitting masks for prevention of invasive aspergillosis in high-risk patients. Ann Oncol. 2009; 20(9): 1560-4.

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[1] Srikanth P, Sudharsanam S, Steinberg R. Bio-aerosols in indoor environment: Composition, health effects and analysis. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2008; 26(4): 302-12.

[2] Angenent LT, Kelley ST, St Amand A, Pace NR, Hernandez MT. Molecular identification of potential pathogens in water and air of a hospital therapy pool. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005; 102(13): 4860-5.

[3] Kasprzyk I. Aeromicology – Main research fields of interest during the last 25 years. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2008; 15(1): 1-7.

[4] Cordeiro RA, Brilhante RS, Pantoja LD, Moreira Filho RE, Vieira PR, Rocha MF, et al. Isolation of pathogenic yeasts in the air from hospital environments in the city of Fortaleza, northeast Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis. 2010; 14(1): 30-4.

[5] Warris A, Voss A, Verweij PE. Hospital sources of Aspergillus species: New routes of transmission? Rev Iberoam Micol. 2001; 18(4): 156-62.

[6] Eames I, Tang JW, Li Y, Wilson P. Airborne transmission of disease in hospitals. J R Soc Interface. 2009; 6 Suppl 6: S697-702.

[7] Martins-Diniz JN, da Silva RA, Miranda ET, Mendes-Giannini MJ. Monitoring of airborne fungus and yeast species in a hospital unit. Rev Saude Publica. 2005; 39(3): 398-405.

[8] Tormo Molina R, Gonzalo Garijo MA, Muñoz Rodríguez AF, Silva Palacios I. Pollen and spores in the air of a hospital out-patient ward. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2002; 30(4): 232-8.

[9] Ahearn DG, Price D, Simmons RB, Mayo A, Zhang ST, Crow SA Jr. Microcycle conidiation and medusa head conidiophores of aspergilli on indoor construction materials and air filters from hospitals. Mycologia. 2007; 99(1): 1-6.

[10] Kim KY, Kim YS, Kim D. Distribution Characteristics of Airborne Bacteria and Fungi in the General Hospitals of Korea. Ind Health. 2010; 48(2): 236-43.

[11] Kuhn DM, Ghannoum MA. Indoor Mold, Toxigenic Fungi, and Stachybotrys chartarum: Infections Disease Perspective. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003; 16(1): 144-72.

[12] Augustowska M, Dutkiewicz J. Variability of airborne microflora in a hospital ward within a period of one year. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2006; 13(1): 99-106.

[13] Mobin M, do Amparo Salmito M. Fungus microbiota in air conditioners in intensive care units in Teresina, Piauí. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2006; 39(6): 556-9.

[14] Cárdenas MX, Cortes JA, Parra CM. Aspergillus spp. in risk areas of transplant patients in a university hospital. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2008; 25(4): 232-6.

[15] Hedayati MT, Pasqualotto AC, Warn PA, Bowyer P, Denning DW. Aspergillus flavus: human pathogen, allergen and mycotoxin producer. Microbiology. 2007; 153(Pt 6): 1677-92.

[16] Bourgeois GP, Cafardi JA, Sellheyer K, Andea AA. Disseminated Fusarium originating from toenail paronychia in a neutropenic patient. Cutis. 2010 Apr; 85(4):191-4.

[17] Pappas PG, Alexander BD, Andes DR, Hadley S, Kauffman CA, Freifeld A, et al. Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: results of the transplant-associated infection surveillance network (TRANSNET). Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Apr 15; 50(8):1101-11.

[18] Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, Park BJ, Alexander BD, Anaissie EJ, Walsh TJ, et al. Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001-2006: Overview of the transplant-associated infection surveillance network (TRANSNET) database. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Apr 15; 50(8):1091-100.

[19] Guinea J, Peláez T, Alcalá L, Ruiz-Serrano MJ, Bouza E. Antifungal Susceptibility of 596 Aspergillus fumigatus Strains Isolated from Outdoor Air, Hospital Air, and Clinical Samples: Analysis by Site of Isolation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005; 49(8): 3495-7.

[20] de Pauw BE. What are fungal infections?. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2011;3(1): e2011001. Pubmed PMID: 21625304.

[21] Vanittanakom N, Cooper CR Jr, Fisher MC, Sirisanthana T. Penicillium marneffei Infection and Recent Advances in the Epidemiology and Molecular Biology Aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006 Jan; 19(1): 95-110.

[22] Hocker TL, Wada DA, Bridges A, el-Azhary R. Disseminated zygomycosis heralded by a subtle cutaneous finding. Dermatol Online J. 2010; 16(9): 3.

[23] Mayayo E, Landeyro J, Stchigel AM, Gazzoni A, Capilla J. Infiltración perineural por células fúngicas. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2010; 27(2): 94-7.

[24] Távora LG, Gambale W, Heins-Vaccari EM, Arriagada GL, Lacaz CS, Santos CR, et al. Comparative performance of two air samplers for monitoring airborne fungal propagules. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2003; 36(5): 613-6.

[25] Nunes ZG, Martins AS, Altoe AL, Nishikawa MM, Leite MO, Aguiar PF, et al. Indoor air microbiological evaluation of offices, hospitals, industries, and shopping centers. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2005; 100(4): 351-7.

[26] Nielsen PV. Control of airborne infectious diseases in ventilated spaces. J R Soc Interface. 2009;6(Suppl 6): S747-55.

[27] Maschmeyer G, Neuburger S, Fritz L, Böhme A, Penack O, Schwerdtfeger R, et al. A prospective, randomized study on the use of well-fitting masks for prevention of invasive aspergillosis in high-risk patients. Ann Oncol. 2009; 20(9): 1560-4.

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