Invasive macro-mollusks in Lake Gatun: a major tributary of the Panama Interoceanic Canal

Darío  Córdoba González

doi:10.48204/semillaeste.v7n1.11386

Enviado setembro 29, 2026

Publicado 2026-09-29

Artículos

v. 7 n. 1 (2026): Revista Semilla del Este

Invasive macro-mollusks in Lake Gatun: a major tributary of the Panama Interoceanic Canal

Darío Córdoba González⁺⁻

DOI https://doi.org/10.48204/semillaeste.v7n1.11386

PDF (Español (España))

Referências

DOI: 10.48204/semillaeste.v7n1.11386

Publicado: 2026-09-29

Como Citar

Córdoba González, D. (2026). Invasive macro-mollusks in Lake Gatun: a major tributary of the Panama Interoceanic Canal. Revista Semilla Del Este, 7(1), 8–18. https://doi.org/10.48204/semillaeste.v7n1.11386

Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Resumo

Biological invasions represent a significant threat to the ecological integrity and economic functionality of the Panama Canal watershed. This study reports, for the first time, the occurrence and distribution of four invasive mollusk species, the bivalves Corbicula fluminea and Potamocorbula amurensis, and the gastropods Melanoides tuberculata and Pomacea canaliculata—within Lake Gatun and its surrounding tributaries (La Arenosa and Playa Leona). Monthly sampling conducted throughout 2025 at depths of up to 3 m yielded 9,800 specimens. Taxonomic identification confirmed the presence of M. tuberculata (n = 3,000), P. canaliculata (n = 3,100), C. fluminea (n = 2,500), and P. amurensis (n = 1,200). These species exhibit high reproductive plasticity and rapid colonization rates, potentially altering benthic nutrient cycling and posing a significant biofouling risk to the Panama Canal’s hydraulic infrastructure. Our findings emphasize the urgent need for integrated management strategies and enhanced ballast water regulations to mitigate further ecological displacement in this globally significant transit corridor.

Referências

Atkinson, C. L., Vaughn, C. C., Forshay, K. J., & Cooper, J. T. (2011). Aggregated filter-feeding consumers (Bivalvia: Unionidae) determine nutrient cycling in a freshwater system. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 30, 210–221.
CABI. (2013). Melanoides tuberculata. In: Invasive Species Compendium. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. www.cabi.org/isc
CABI. (2016). Potamocorbula amurensis. In: Invasive Species Compendium. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. www.cabi.org/isc
Carlton, J. T., Thompson, J. K., Schemel, L. E., & Nichols, F. H. (1990). Remarkable invasion of San Francisco Bay (California, USA) by the Asian clam Potamocorbula amurensis. I. Introduction and dispersal. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 66, 81–94.
Coan, E. V., & Valentich-Scott, P. (2012). Bivalve Seashells of Western South America: Marine Bivalve Mollusks from Northern Peru to Southern Chile. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History.
Cohen, A. N., & Carlton, J. T. (1998). Accelerating invasion rate in a highly invaded estuary. Science, 279, 555–558.
Crespo, D., Dolbeth, M., Leston, S., Sousa, R., & Pardal, M. A. (2015). Distribution of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the Mondego estuary (Portugal): five years after its first record. Aquatic Invasions, 10, 377–389.
DAISIE. (2008). Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. European Commission, Sixth Framework Programme.
Darrigran, G. (2002). Potential impact of filter-feeding invasive freshwater bivalves on benthic communities in the Neotropical Region. Biological Invasions, 4, 145–156.
Dolbeth, M., Cusson, M., Sousa, R., & Pardal, M. A. (2011). Secondary production as a tool for better understanding of aquatic ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 68, 1230–1253.
Dundee, D. S., & Paine, A. C. (1977). Ecology of the snail Melanoides tuberculata (Muller), intermediate host of the human liver fluke (Opisthorchis sinensis) in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Nautilus, 91, 17–20.
Foe, C., & Knight, A. (1985). Further studies of the toxicity of copper to Corbicula fluminea with notes on its interactions with temperature and salinity. Hydrobiologia, 120, 81–88.
Franco, J. N., Ceia, F. R., Patrício, J., Modesto, V., Thompson, J., Marques, J. C., & Neto, J. M. (2012). Population dynamics of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in south-western Europe reveals anthropogenic impact. Marine Environmental Research, 80, 31–39.
GISD. (2005). Global Invasive Species Database. Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the IUCN Species Survival Commission.
Hakenkamp, C. C., Ribblett, S. G., Palmer, M. A., Swan, C. M., Reid, J. W., & Goodison, M. R. (2001). The impact of an introduced bivalve (Corbicula fluminea) on the benthos of a sandy stream. Freshwater Biology, 46, 1107–1114.
Hicks, N., Bulling, M. T., Solan, M., Paterson, D. M., Pieromeni, M., Arndt, S., & Stahl, H. (2011). Impact of climate change on the biodiversity-ecosystem function nexus in anthropogenic coastal ecosystems. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 9144–9151.
Ilarri, M. I., & Sousa, R. (2012). Corbicula fluminea Müller (Asian clam). In R. A. Francis (Ed.), A Handbook of Global Freshwater Invasive Species (pp. 173–183). Earthscan.
Ilarri, M. I., Antunes, C., Guilhermino, L., & Sousa, R. (2012). Massive mortality of the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea in a highly invasive population. Biological Invasions, 14, 2019–2024.
Ilarri, M. I., Souza, A. T., Modesto, V., Guilhermino, L., & Sousa, R. (2014). Influence of the invasive Asian clam Corbicula fluminea on vertical distribution of mobile benthic fauna. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 24, 610–621.
Keen, A. M. (1971). Sea Shells of Tropical West America: Marine Mollusks from Baja California to Peru (2nd ed.). Stanford University Press.
Kennish, M. J. (2002). Environmental threats and environmental future of estuaries. Environmental Conservation, 29, 78–107.
Loo, L. O., & Rosenberg, R. (1996). Anthropogenic organic enrichment and nutrients — some effects on the herbivorous macrofauna in the Gullmarsfjord, western Sweden. Oceanologica Acta, 19, 115–126.
MAF. (2008). Biosecurity New Zealand: Early detection and monitoring of Potamocorbula amurensis. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Wellington.
Mattice, J. S. (1977). Interactions of submerged macromolecules with the surfaces of Corbicula. Proceedings of the First International Corbicula Symposium, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth.
McEnnulty, F. R., Bax, N. J., Schaffelke, B., & Campbell, M. L. (2001). A review of rapid response options for the control of ABWMAC listed introduced marine pest species and related taxa in Australian waters. Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests.
McLusky, D. S. (1993). Marine and estuarine gradients — An overview. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 27, 489–493.
McMahon, R. F. (1983). Ecology of an invasive pest bivalve, Corbicula. In W. D. Russell-Hunter (Ed.), The Mollusca, Vol. 6, Ecology (pp. 505–561). Academic Press.
McMahon, R. F. (1999). Invasive characteristics of the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea. In R. Claudi & J. H. Leach (Eds.), Nonindigenous Freshwater Organisms: Vectors, Biology and Control (pp. 315–346). Lewis Publishers.
McMahon, R. F. (2002). Evolutionary and physiological adaptations of aquatic invasive animals: r-selection versus resistance. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 59, 1235–1244.
Nicolini, M. H., & Penry, D. L. (2000). Spawning, fertilization, and larval development of Potamocorbula amurensis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from San Francisco Bay, California. Pacific Science, 54, 377–388.
Pascho, L. M., Andrade, D. P., & Pires-Junior, O. R. (2015). First record of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the Paranoá Lake, Brasília, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 75, 101–107.
Phelps, H. L. (1994). The Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) invasion and system-level ecological change in the Potomac River Estuary near Washington, D.C. Estuaries, 17, 614–621.
Pigneur, L. M., Hedtke, S. M., Etoundi, E., & Van Doninck, K. (2011). Androgenesis: a strategy to avoid genetic load in invasive Corbicula clams? Heredity, 107, 15–25.
Pratt, D. R., Lohrer, A. M., Thrush, S. F., Hewitt, J. E., Townsend, M., & Reed, J. (2014). Assessing disturbance history using biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships. Ecosphere, 5, 1–18.
Prezant, R. S., & Chalermwat, K. (1984). Flotation of the bivalve Corbicula fluminea as a means of dispersal. Science, 225, 1491–1493.
Rosa, I. C., Garrido, R., Inda, S., Rocha-Barreira, C. A., Angelini, N., & Casanueva, M. E. (2011). Biofouling by Corbicula fluminea in a hydroelectric power plant in southern Brazil. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, 83, 1–12.
Rosa, I. C., Pereira, J. L., Costa, R., Gonçalves, F., & McManus, J. (2012). The influence of temperature on the behavior and survival of the invasive bivalve Corbicula fluminea. Journal of Thermal Biology, 37, 233–239.
Simberloff, D., Martin, J. L., Genovesi, P., Maris, V., Wardle, D. A., Aronson, J., Courchamp, F., ... & Vilà, M. (2013). Impacts of biological invasions: what's next? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 28, 58–66.
Sousa, R., Antunes, C., & Guilhermino, L. (2007). Variation of the physiological condition of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the Minho River estuary (NW Iberian Peninsula). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 73, 551–557.
Sousa, R., Antunes, C., & Guilhermino, L. (2008a). Ecology of the invasive Asian clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in aquatic ecosystems: an overview. Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology, 44, 85–94.
Sousa, R., Nogueira, A. J., Gasper, M. C., Antunes, C., & Guilhermino, L. (2008b). Growth and changes in condition index of Corbicula fluminea (Müller 1774) in the Minho estuary: anthropogenic and natural influences. Iheringia, Série Zoologia, 98, 204–211.
Sousa, R., Ilarri, M., Guilhermino, L., & Antunes, C. (2009). Ecology of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the River Minho estuary: a review after 20 years of invasion. Aquatic Invasions, 4, 277–289.
Sousa, R., Dias, S., & Antunes, C. (2010). Spatial and temporal distribution of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the River Minho estuary. Scientia Marina, 74, 111–120.
Sousa, R., Varandas, S., Cortes, R., Teixeira, A., Lopes-Lima, M., Machado, J., & Guilhermino, L. (2012a). Massive mortality of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in a European river: causes and ecological consequences. Science of the Total Environment, 435, 156–161.
Sousa, R., Novais, A., Costa, R., & Guilhermino, L. (2012b). Effects of extreme floods on the distribution of Corbicula fluminea. Hydrobiologia, 696, 1–9.
Stachowicz, J. J., & Byrnes, J. E. (2006). Species diversity, invasion success, and ecosystem functioning: disentangling the influence of resource competition, facilitation, and extrinsic factors. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 311, 251–262.
Teixeira, H., Salas, F., & Marques, J. C. (2008). A benthic perspective of the anthropogenic changes in the Mondego estuary (Portugal) over the last two decades. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56, 648–665.
Vannote, R. L., Minshall, G. W., Cummins, K. W., Sedell, J. R., & Cushing, C. E. (1980). The river continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37, 130–137.
Vogler, R. E., Beltramino, A. A., Sede, M. M., Gregoric, D. E. G., Núñez, V., & Rumi, A. (2012). The invasive apple snail Pomacea canaliculata in Paraguay: morphology, DNA barcoding, and its role as a potential vector of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Check List, 8, 229–233.
Vohmann, A., Borcherding, J., Kureck, A., Deneke, A., & Arndt, H. (2010). Strong impact of the invasive clam Corbicula fluminea on vertical distributions of sediment micro-organisms and meiofauna. Biological Invasions, 12, 1367–1377.
Werner, I., Clark, S. L., & Hinton, D. E. (2003). Biomarkers of sublethal stress in the invasive bivalve Potamocorbula amurensis from the San Francisco Bay Estuary, USA. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46, 481–490.
Williams, S. L., & Grosholz, E. D. (2008). The invasive species challenge in estuarine and coastal environments: Marrying management and science. Estuaries and Coasts, 31, 3–20.
WoRMS Editorial Board. (2026). World Register of Marine Species. Accessed 08 April 2026. doi:10.14284/170.

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Darío Córdoba González, Reproductive dynamics, biometrics and biochemical composition of the oyster crassostrea corteziensis (Hertlein, 1951) in the Pacific of Panama , Revista Semilla del Este: v. 7 n. 1 (2026): Revista Semilla del Este

[1] Atkinson, C. L., Vaughn, C. C., Forshay, K. J., & Cooper, J. T. (2011). Aggregated filter-feeding consumers (Bivalvia: Unionidae) determine nutrient cycling in a freshwater system. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 30, 210–221.

[2] CABI. (2013). Melanoides tuberculata. In: Invasive Species Compendium. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. www.cabi.org/isc

[3] CABI. (2016). Potamocorbula amurensis. In: Invasive Species Compendium. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. www.cabi.org/isc

[4] Carlton, J. T., Thompson, J. K., Schemel, L. E., & Nichols, F. H. (1990). Remarkable invasion of San Francisco Bay (California, USA) by the Asian clam Potamocorbula amurensis. I. Introduction and dispersal. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 66, 81–94.

[5] Coan, E. V., & Valentich-Scott, P. (2012). Bivalve Seashells of Western South America: Marine Bivalve Mollusks from Northern Peru to Southern Chile. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History.

[6] Cohen, A. N., & Carlton, J. T. (1998). Accelerating invasion rate in a highly invaded estuary. Science, 279, 555–558.

[7] Crespo, D., Dolbeth, M., Leston, S., Sousa, R., & Pardal, M. A. (2015). Distribution of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the Mondego estuary (Portugal): five years after its first record. Aquatic Invasions, 10, 377–389.

[8] DAISIE. (2008). Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. European Commission, Sixth Framework Programme.

[9] Darrigran, G. (2002). Potential impact of filter-feeding invasive freshwater bivalves on benthic communities in the Neotropical Region. Biological Invasions, 4, 145–156.

[10] Dolbeth, M., Cusson, M., Sousa, R., & Pardal, M. A. (2011). Secondary production as a tool for better understanding of aquatic ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 68, 1230–1253.

[11] Dundee, D. S., & Paine, A. C. (1977). Ecology of the snail Melanoides tuberculata (Muller), intermediate host of the human liver fluke (Opisthorchis sinensis) in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Nautilus, 91, 17–20.

[12] Foe, C., & Knight, A. (1985). Further studies of the toxicity of copper to Corbicula fluminea with notes on its interactions with temperature and salinity. Hydrobiologia, 120, 81–88.

[13] Franco, J. N., Ceia, F. R., Patrício, J., Modesto, V., Thompson, J., Marques, J. C., & Neto, J. M. (2012). Population dynamics of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in south-western Europe reveals anthropogenic impact. Marine Environmental Research, 80, 31–39.

[14] GISD. (2005). Global Invasive Species Database. Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the IUCN Species Survival Commission.

[15] Hakenkamp, C. C., Ribblett, S. G., Palmer, M. A., Swan, C. M., Reid, J. W., & Goodison, M. R. (2001). The impact of an introduced bivalve (Corbicula fluminea) on the benthos of a sandy stream. Freshwater Biology, 46, 1107–1114.

[16] Hicks, N., Bulling, M. T., Solan, M., Paterson, D. M., Pieromeni, M., Arndt, S., & Stahl, H. (2011). Impact of climate change on the biodiversity-ecosystem function nexus in anthropogenic coastal ecosystems. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 9144–9151.

[17] Ilarri, M. I., & Sousa, R. (2012). Corbicula fluminea Müller (Asian clam). In R. A. Francis (Ed.), A Handbook of Global Freshwater Invasive Species (pp. 173–183). Earthscan.

[18] Ilarri, M. I., Antunes, C., Guilhermino, L., & Sousa, R. (2012). Massive mortality of the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea in a highly invasive population. Biological Invasions, 14, 2019–2024.

[19] Ilarri, M. I., Souza, A. T., Modesto, V., Guilhermino, L., & Sousa, R. (2014). Influence of the invasive Asian clam Corbicula fluminea on vertical distribution of mobile benthic fauna. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 24, 610–621.

[20] Keen, A. M. (1971). Sea Shells of Tropical West America: Marine Mollusks from Baja California to Peru (2nd ed.). Stanford University Press.

[21] Kennish, M. J. (2002). Environmental threats and environmental future of estuaries. Environmental Conservation, 29, 78–107.

[22] Loo, L. O., & Rosenberg, R. (1996). Anthropogenic organic enrichment and nutrients — some effects on the herbivorous macrofauna in the Gullmarsfjord, western Sweden. Oceanologica Acta, 19, 115–126.

[23] MAF. (2008). Biosecurity New Zealand: Early detection and monitoring of Potamocorbula amurensis. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Wellington.

[24] Mattice, J. S. (1977). Interactions of submerged macromolecules with the surfaces of Corbicula. Proceedings of the First International Corbicula Symposium, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth.

[25] McEnnulty, F. R., Bax, N. J., Schaffelke, B., & Campbell, M. L. (2001). A review of rapid response options for the control of ABWMAC listed introduced marine pest species and related taxa in Australian waters. Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests.

[26] McLusky, D. S. (1993). Marine and estuarine gradients — An overview. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 27, 489–493.

[27] McMahon, R. F. (1983). Ecology of an invasive pest bivalve, Corbicula. In W. D. Russell-Hunter (Ed.), The Mollusca, Vol. 6, Ecology (pp. 505–561). Academic Press.

[28] McMahon, R. F. (1999). Invasive characteristics of the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea. In R. Claudi & J. H. Leach (Eds.), Nonindigenous Freshwater Organisms: Vectors, Biology and Control (pp. 315–346). Lewis Publishers.

[29] McMahon, R. F. (2002). Evolutionary and physiological adaptations of aquatic invasive animals: r-selection versus resistance. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 59, 1235–1244.

[30] Nicolini, M. H., & Penry, D. L. (2000). Spawning, fertilization, and larval development of Potamocorbula amurensis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from San Francisco Bay, California. Pacific Science, 54, 377–388.

[31] Pascho, L. M., Andrade, D. P., & Pires-Junior, O. R. (2015). First record of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the Paranoá Lake, Brasília, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 75, 101–107.

[32] Phelps, H. L. (1994). The Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) invasion and system-level ecological change in the Potomac River Estuary near Washington, D.C. Estuaries, 17, 614–621.

[33] Pigneur, L. M., Hedtke, S. M., Etoundi, E., & Van Doninck, K. (2011). Androgenesis: a strategy to avoid genetic load in invasive Corbicula clams? Heredity, 107, 15–25.

[34] Pratt, D. R., Lohrer, A. M., Thrush, S. F., Hewitt, J. E., Townsend, M., & Reed, J. (2014). Assessing disturbance history using biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships. Ecosphere, 5, 1–18.

[35] Prezant, R. S., & Chalermwat, K. (1984). Flotation of the bivalve Corbicula fluminea as a means of dispersal. Science, 225, 1491–1493.

[36] Rosa, I. C., Garrido, R., Inda, S., Rocha-Barreira, C. A., Angelini, N., & Casanueva, M. E. (2011). Biofouling by Corbicula fluminea in a hydroelectric power plant in southern Brazil. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, 83, 1–12.

[37] Rosa, I. C., Pereira, J. L., Costa, R., Gonçalves, F., & McManus, J. (2012). The influence of temperature on the behavior and survival of the invasive bivalve Corbicula fluminea. Journal of Thermal Biology, 37, 233–239.

[38] Simberloff, D., Martin, J. L., Genovesi, P., Maris, V., Wardle, D. A., Aronson, J., Courchamp, F., ... & Vilà, M. (2013). Impacts of biological invasions: what's next? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 28, 58–66.

[39] Sousa, R., Antunes, C., & Guilhermino, L. (2007). Variation of the physiological condition of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the Minho River estuary (NW Iberian Peninsula). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 73, 551–557.

[40] Sousa, R., Antunes, C., & Guilhermino, L. (2008a). Ecology of the invasive Asian clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in aquatic ecosystems: an overview. Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology, 44, 85–94.

[41] Sousa, R., Nogueira, A. J., Gasper, M. C., Antunes, C., & Guilhermino, L. (2008b). Growth and changes in condition index of Corbicula fluminea (Müller 1774) in the Minho estuary: anthropogenic and natural influences. Iheringia, Série Zoologia, 98, 204–211.

[42] Sousa, R., Ilarri, M., Guilhermino, L., & Antunes, C. (2009). Ecology of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the River Minho estuary: a review after 20 years of invasion. Aquatic Invasions, 4, 277–289.

[43] Sousa, R., Dias, S., & Antunes, C. (2010). Spatial and temporal distribution of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the River Minho estuary. Scientia Marina, 74, 111–120.

[44] Sousa, R., Varandas, S., Cortes, R., Teixeira, A., Lopes-Lima, M., Machado, J., & Guilhermino, L. (2012a). Massive mortality of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in a European river: causes and ecological consequences. Science of the Total Environment, 435, 156–161.

[45] Sousa, R., Novais, A., Costa, R., & Guilhermino, L. (2012b). Effects of extreme floods on the distribution of Corbicula fluminea. Hydrobiologia, 696, 1–9.

[46] Stachowicz, J. J., & Byrnes, J. E. (2006). Species diversity, invasion success, and ecosystem functioning: disentangling the influence of resource competition, facilitation, and extrinsic factors. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 311, 251–262.

[47] Teixeira, H., Salas, F., & Marques, J. C. (2008). A benthic perspective of the anthropogenic changes in the Mondego estuary (Portugal) over the last two decades. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56, 648–665.

[48] Vannote, R. L., Minshall, G. W., Cummins, K. W., Sedell, J. R., & Cushing, C. E. (1980). The river continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37, 130–137.

[49] Vogler, R. E., Beltramino, A. A., Sede, M. M., Gregoric, D. E. G., Núñez, V., & Rumi, A. (2012). The invasive apple snail Pomacea canaliculata in Paraguay: morphology, DNA barcoding, and its role as a potential vector of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Check List, 8, 229–233.

[50] Vohmann, A., Borcherding, J., Kureck, A., Deneke, A., & Arndt, H. (2010). Strong impact of the invasive clam Corbicula fluminea on vertical distributions of sediment micro-organisms and meiofauna. Biological Invasions, 12, 1367–1377.

[51] Werner, I., Clark, S. L., & Hinton, D. E. (2003). Biomarkers of sublethal stress in the invasive bivalve Potamocorbula amurensis from the San Francisco Bay Estuary, USA. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46, 481–490.

[52] Williams, S. L., & Grosholz, E. D. (2008). The invasive species challenge in estuarine and coastal environments: Marrying management and science. Estuaries and Coasts, 31, 3–20.

[53] WoRMS Editorial Board. (2026). World Register of Marine Species. Accessed 08 April 2026. doi:10.14284/170.

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