Spectroscopic analysis and modeling of quasar 3C-279

Franklin Vasquez Guardia

doi:10.48204/j.tecno.v28n1.a8945

Enviado diciembre 11, 2025

Publicado 2026-01-13

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Vol. 28 Núm. 1 (2026): Tecnociencia

Análisis espectroscópico y modelado del cuásar 3C-279

Franklin Vasquez Guardia⁺⁻

DOI https://doi.org/10.48204/j.tecno.v28n1.a8945

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DOI: 10.48204/j.tecno.v28n1.a8945

Publicado: 2026-01-13

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Vasquez Guardia, F. (2026) «Análisis espectroscópico y modelado del cuásar 3C-279», Tecnociencia, 28(1), pp. 38–71. doi: 10.48204/j.tecno.v28n1.a8945.

Derechos de autor 2026 Tecnociencia

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.

Resumen

Analizamos la emisión en rayos X y ultravioleta del AGN 3C-279 utilizando datos del satélite Swift. Ubicado a 5 mil millones de años luz a una distancia redshift de Z=0.537, 3C-279 es un núcleo galáctico activo brillante alimentado por un haz relativista de su agujero negro supermasivo y fue una fuente de calibración para la primera imagen de un agujero negro obtenida por el EHT.

Se modeló la emisión espectral de 3C-279 en el rango de 0,3 a 6 keV para estudiar su evolución de luminosidad antes, durante y después de un evento de estallido de rayos gamma GRB, comparando los resultados con la literatura existente. Se analizaron cinco conjuntos de datos de Swift, procesados con software de HEASARC, empleando datos de XRT y UVOT para caracterizar su comportamiento en rayos X y UV. Los resultados confirman los picos de luminosidad y la actividad de llamaradas esperados, demostrando la eficacia de XRT y UVOT para estudiar fenómenos astrofísicos en los rangos bajo y medio de energía.

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Albert, J., Aliu, E., Anderhub, H., Antonelli, L.A., Antoranz, P., Backes, M. et al. (2008). Very-high-energy gamma rays from a distant quasar: how transparent is the universe? Science, 320 (5884), 1752–1754. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157087
Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W. et al. (2019). First M87 Event Horizon Telescope results VI: the shadow and mass of the central black hole. Astrophys. J. Lett., 875 (1), L6. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab1141
Alston, W., Giustini, M. & Petrucci, P.O. (2022). The super-massive black hole close environment in active galactic nuclei. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2206.11790. https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.11790
Bellovary, J.M., Low, M.-M.M., McKernan, B. & Ford, K.E.S. (2016). Migration traps in disks around supermassive black holes. Astrophys. J. Lett., 819 (2), L17. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/819/2/L17
Beresnyak, A.R., Istomin, Ya.N. & Pariev, V.I. (1997). Synchrotron emission from relativistic parsec-scale jets. arXiv preprint, arXiv:astro-ph/9704046. https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9704046
Blinov, D., Jorstad, S.G., Larionov, V.M. et al. (2021). Repeated pattern of gamma-ray flares in the light curve of the blazar 3C-279. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 505 (3), 4616–4625. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1484
Burrows, D.N., Hill, J.E., Nousek, J.A. et al. (2005). The Swift X-Ray Telescope. Space Sci. Rev., 120 (3–4), 165–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-005-5097-2
Epstein-Martin, M., Tagawa, H., Haiman, Z. & Perna, R. (2025). Time-dependent models of AGN disks with radiation from embedded stellar-mass black holes. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2405.09380. https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.09380
Fabian, A.C. (2012). Observational evidence of active galactic nuclei feedback. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 50 (1), 455–489. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125521
Fermi-LAT Collaboration (2010). A change in the optical polarization associated with a ?-ray flare in the blazar 3C-279. Nature, 463 (7283), 919–923. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08841
Giuliani, A., D’Ammando, F., Vercellone, S. et al. (2008). AGILE observation of a gamma-ray flare from the blazar 3C-279. Astron. Astrophys., 494 (2), 509–513. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200810785
Hartman, R. C., Bertsch, D. L., Fichtel, C. E., et al. (1992). Detection of high-energy gamma radiation from quasar 3C 279 by the EGRET telescope on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. Astrophysical Journal Letters, 385, L1–L4. https://doi.org/10.1086/186263
Hayashida, M., Nalewajko, K., Madejski, G.M. et al. (2015). Rapid variability of blazar 3C-279 during flaring states in 2013–2014 with joint Fermi-LAT, NuSTAR, Swift, and ground-based multi-wavelength observations. Astrophys. J., 807 (1), 79. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/807/1/79
HEASARC (2025). XSPEC manual. Available at: https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/xanadu/xspec/manual/XspecManual.html (Accessed 25 March 2025).
HEASARC (2025). WebPIMMS (W3PIMMS tool). Available at: https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/Tools/w3pimms/w3pimms.pl (Accessed 25 March 2025).
HEASARC (2025). High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC). Available at: https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/W3Browse/swift.pl (Accessed 26 March 2025).
NASA Swift Team (2025). Swift observatory: about. Available at: https://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/about_swift/ (Accessed 26 March 2025).
NASA Swift Team (2025). Swift XRT point spread function (PSF). Available at: https://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/proposals/tech_appd/swiftta_v17/node36.html (Accessed 25 March 2025).
NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) (2025) 3C-279. Available at: https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/byname?objname=3C279&hconst=67.8&omegam=0.308&omegav=0.692&wmap=4&corr_z=1 (Accessed 25 March 2025).
Padovani, P. (2023). A multi-wavelength view of active galactic nuclei with an emphasis on gamma-rays. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2302.12540. https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12540
Paliya, V.S., Sahayanathan, S. & Stalin, C.S. (2015). Multi-wavelength observations of 3C-279 during the extremely bright gamma-ray flare in 2014 March–April. Astrophys. J., 803 (1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/803/1/15
Prince, R. (2020). Broadband variability and correlation study of 3C-279 during flares of 2017–2018. Astrophys. J., 890 (2), 164. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab6b1e
Rajguru et al. (2024). Accretion disc–jet decomposition from the optical–near infrared monitoring of Fermi blazars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 535 (4), 3595–3610. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae2608
Romoli, C., Zacharias, M., Meyer, M. et al. (2017). Observation of the extremely bright flare of the FSRQ 3C-279 with H.E.S.S. II. arXiv preprint, arXiv:1708.00882. https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.00882
Singh, K.K., Meintjes, P.J. & Ramamonjisoa, F.A. (2020). Understanding the giant gamma-ray outburst on June 16, 2015 from the blazar 3C-279. Astrophys. Space Sci., 365 (2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-020-3746-2
Swift Team (2025). UVOT filters. Available at: https://www.swift.ac.uk/analysis/uvot/filters.php (Accessed 25 March 2025).
Thekkoth, A., Sahayanathan, S., Shah, Z., Paliya, V.S. & Ravikumar, C.D. (2023). Understanding the broad-band emission process of 3C-279 through long-term spectral analysis. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 526 (4), 6364–6380. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad3094
Wang, G., Fan, J., Xiao, H. & Cai, J. (2022). Variability and spectral behavior of gamma-ray flares of 3C-279. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac., 134 (1040), 104101. https://doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/ac98e0
Wendel, C., Shukla, A., & Mannheim, K. (2021). Pair cascades at the edge of the broad-line region shaping the gamma-ray spectrum of 3C-279. Astrophys. J., 917 (1), 32. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0a6e
European Southern Observatory (ESO) (2012). A stunning image of the galaxy NGC 6559 captured by the VLT. Available at: https://www.eso.org/public/italy/images/eso1229a/ (Accessed 2012).

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[1] Albert, J., Aliu, E., Anderhub, H., Antonelli, L.A., Antoranz, P., Backes, M. et al. (2008). Very-high-energy gamma rays from a distant quasar: how transparent is the universe? Science, 320 (5884), 1752–1754. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157087

[2] Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W. et al. (2019). First M87 Event Horizon Telescope results VI: the shadow and mass of the central black hole. Astrophys. J. Lett., 875 (1), L6. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab1141

[3] Alston, W., Giustini, M. & Petrucci, P.O. (2022). The super-massive black hole close environment in active galactic nuclei. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2206.11790. https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.11790

[4] Bellovary, J.M., Low, M.-M.M., McKernan, B. & Ford, K.E.S. (2016). Migration traps in disks around supermassive black holes. Astrophys. J. Lett., 819 (2), L17. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/819/2/L17

[5] Beresnyak, A.R., Istomin, Ya.N. & Pariev, V.I. (1997). Synchrotron emission from relativistic parsec-scale jets. arXiv preprint, arXiv:astro-ph/9704046. https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9704046

[6] Blinov, D., Jorstad, S.G., Larionov, V.M. et al. (2021). Repeated pattern of gamma-ray flares in the light curve of the blazar 3C-279. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 505 (3), 4616–4625. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1484

[7] Burrows, D.N., Hill, J.E., Nousek, J.A. et al. (2005). The Swift X-Ray Telescope. Space Sci. Rev., 120 (3–4), 165–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-005-5097-2

[8] Epstein-Martin, M., Tagawa, H., Haiman, Z. & Perna, R. (2025). Time-dependent models of AGN disks with radiation from embedded stellar-mass black holes. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2405.09380. https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.09380

[9] Fabian, A.C. (2012). Observational evidence of active galactic nuclei feedback. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 50 (1), 455–489. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125521

[10] Fermi-LAT Collaboration (2010). A change in the optical polarization associated with a ?-ray flare in the blazar 3C-279. Nature, 463 (7283), 919–923. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08841

[11] Giuliani, A., D’Ammando, F., Vercellone, S. et al. (2008). AGILE observation of a gamma-ray flare from the blazar 3C-279. Astron. Astrophys., 494 (2), 509–513. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200810785

[12] Hartman, R. C., Bertsch, D. L., Fichtel, C. E., et al. (1992). Detection of high-energy gamma radiation from quasar 3C 279 by the EGRET telescope on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. Astrophysical Journal Letters, 385, L1–L4. https://doi.org/10.1086/186263

[13] Hayashida, M., Nalewajko, K., Madejski, G.M. et al. (2015). Rapid variability of blazar 3C-279 during flaring states in 2013–2014 with joint Fermi-LAT, NuSTAR, Swift, and ground-based multi-wavelength observations. Astrophys. J., 807 (1), 79. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/807/1/79

[14] HEASARC (2025). XSPEC manual. Available at: https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/xanadu/xspec/manual/XspecManual.html (Accessed 25 March 2025).

[15] HEASARC (2025). WebPIMMS (W3PIMMS tool). Available at: https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/Tools/w3pimms/w3pimms.pl (Accessed 25 March 2025).

[16] HEASARC (2025). High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC). Available at: https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/W3Browse/swift.pl (Accessed 26 March 2025).

[17] NASA Swift Team (2025). Swift observatory: about. Available at: https://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/about_swift/ (Accessed 26 March 2025).

[18] NASA Swift Team (2025). Swift XRT point spread function (PSF). Available at: https://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/proposals/tech_appd/swiftta_v17/node36.html (Accessed 25 March 2025).

[19] NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) (2025) 3C-279. Available at: https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/byname?objname=3C279&hconst=67.8&omegam=0.308&omegav=0.692&wmap=4&corr_z=1 (Accessed 25 March 2025).

[20] Padovani, P. (2023). A multi-wavelength view of active galactic nuclei with an emphasis on gamma-rays. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2302.12540. https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12540

[21] Paliya, V.S., Sahayanathan, S. & Stalin, C.S. (2015). Multi-wavelength observations of 3C-279 during the extremely bright gamma-ray flare in 2014 March–April. Astrophys. J., 803 (1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/803/1/15

[22] Prince, R. (2020). Broadband variability and correlation study of 3C-279 during flares of 2017–2018. Astrophys. J., 890 (2), 164. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab6b1e

[23] Rajguru et al. (2024). Accretion disc–jet decomposition from the optical–near infrared monitoring of Fermi blazars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 535 (4), 3595–3610. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae2608

[24] Romoli, C., Zacharias, M., Meyer, M. et al. (2017). Observation of the extremely bright flare of the FSRQ 3C-279 with H.E.S.S. II. arXiv preprint, arXiv:1708.00882. https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.00882

[25] Singh, K.K., Meintjes, P.J. & Ramamonjisoa, F.A. (2020). Understanding the giant gamma-ray outburst on June 16, 2015 from the blazar 3C-279. Astrophys. Space Sci., 365 (2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-020-3746-2

[26] Swift Team (2025). UVOT filters. Available at: https://www.swift.ac.uk/analysis/uvot/filters.php (Accessed 25 March 2025).

[27] Thekkoth, A., Sahayanathan, S., Shah, Z., Paliya, V.S. & Ravikumar, C.D. (2023). Understanding the broad-band emission process of 3C-279 through long-term spectral analysis. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 526 (4), 6364–6380. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad3094

[28] Wang, G., Fan, J., Xiao, H. & Cai, J. (2022). Variability and spectral behavior of gamma-ray flares of 3C-279. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac., 134 (1040), 104101. https://doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/ac98e0

[29] Wendel, C., Shukla, A., & Mannheim, K. (2021). Pair cascades at the edge of the broad-line region shaping the gamma-ray spectrum of 3C-279. Astrophys. J., 917 (1), 32. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0a6e

[30] European Southern Observatory (ESO) (2012). A stunning image of the galaxy NGC 6559 captured by the VLT. Available at: https://www.eso.org/public/italy/images/eso1229a/ (Accessed 2012).

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