Virtue epistemology and education

Rashad Rehman Franciscan; Hassan Ahmad

doi:10.48204/2805-1815.8470

Submitted October 21, 2025

Published 2025-10-27

Artículos de investigación y ensayos filosóficos

No. 5 (2025): Analítica

Virtue epistemology and education

Rashad Rehman Franciscan⁺⁻
Hassan Ahmad ⁺⁻

DOI https://doi.org/10.48204/2805-1815.8470

References

DOI: 10.48204/2805-1815.8470

Published: 2025-10-27

How to Cite

Rehman Franciscan, R. and Ahmad , H. (2025) “Virtue epistemology and education ”, Analítica, (5), pp. 9–27. doi: 10.48204/2805-1815.8470.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Abstract

Education is a bifurcated process by which knowledge is generated and transferred through learning tangible skills and intangible virtues. This paper uses Amartya Sen’s capability approach to advocate for a normative quality of welfare pursuant to the capability of education. For normative welfare, a particular state of consciousness or midfare must first be achieved. We characterize this midfare as Intellect, which is defined by a set of non-exhaustive virtues that we devise and that prioritize the Finnisian value of knowledge over all other subjective pursuits. We also assess a possible relativist critique to Intellect. The desire is that a working model of Intellect will be implemented within transitioning curricula.

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References

Abbarno, G. J. M. (2020). The ethics of homelessness: Philosophical perspectives. Brill.
Annas, J. (2001). Intelligent virtue. Oxford University Press.
Aquinas, Th. (1882). Opera omnia. Ex Typographia Polyglotta.
Aristotle. (1994). Posterior analytics (J. Barnes, Trans.). Clarendon Press.
Aristotle. (2002). Metaphysics (Joe Sachs, Trans.). Green Lion Press.
Aristotle. (1998). The Nichomachean Ethics (D. Ross, Trans.). Oxford University Press.
Atoki, M. (1995). Should female circumcision continue to be banned? Feminist Legal Studies, 3, 223-235.
Baehr, J. (2017). Varieties of character and some implications for character education. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46, 1153-1161.
Beiter, K. D. (2006). The protection of the right to education by international law. Martin Nijhoff Publishers.
Boyd, C. (2014). Pride and humility: Tempering the desire for excellence. In C. Boyd & K. Timpe, Virtues and their vices (pp. 245-268). Oxford University Press.
Countries and Economics. (2021). The World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/country
Chesterton, G.K. (1930). The worship of education. Illustrated London News.
Cohen, G. A. (1993). Equality of what? On welfare, goods, and capabilities. In M. C. Nussbaum & A. Sen, (Eds.), The quality of life. (pp. 9-29). Oxford University Press.
Davidson, T. (1990). History of education. Ams Pr Inc.
DeMarco, D. (2000). The many faces of virtue. Emmaus Road.
Deng, F. M. (2009). A cultural approach to human rights among the dinka. In W. Twining, (Ed.,), Human rights, southern voices. (pp. 44-52). Cambridge University Press.
Deng, F. M. (1998). The cow and the thing called ‘what’: Dinka cultural perspectives on wealth and poverty. Journal of International Affairs, 52, 101-29.
Elsayed, D. M. (2011). Female genital mutilation and ethical issues. Sudanese Journal of Public Health, 6, 63-67.
Finnis, J. (1980). Natural law and natural rights. Oxford University Press.
Graves, F. P. (1999). A history of education. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.
Graves, F.P. (1911). A history of education before the Middle Ages. MacMillan.
Halvorsen, K. (1990). Notes on the realization of the human right to education. Human Rights Quarterly, 12(341), 341-364.
John Paul II. (2000). Fides et ratio. Pauline Books & Media.
Kopelman, L. M. (1994). Female circumcision/genital mutilation and ethical relativism. Second Opinion, 20(2), 55-71.
Lewis, C.S. (2001). The abolition of man. In The signature classics of C.S. Lewis. (pp. 731-738). Harper One.
May, W. F. (1984). The virtues in a professional setting. Soundings, 67, 245-266.
Mill, J.S. (1991). On liberty. Oxford University Press.
Nussbaum, M. (1993). Non-relative virtues: An Aristotelian approach. In Nussbaum, M. C., & Sen, A. (Eds.), The quality of life. (pp. 242-268). Oxford University Press.
Nussbaum, M. C., & Sen, A. (Eds.). (1993). The quality of life. Oxford University Press
Oderberg, D. (2013). Natural law and rights theory. In G. Gays., & F. D’Agostino, (Eds.,), The Routledge companion to social and political philosophy. (pp. 375-86). Routledge.
Parker, S.C. (1970). A history of modern elementary education. Littlefield Adams.
Pieper, J. (2012). On love (R. Winston., & C. Winston, Trans.). Ignatius.
Pieper, J. (2015). What is, in truth, worth preserving? (D. Farrelly, Trans.). In Tradition as challenge: Essays and speeches. (pp. 29-42). St. Augustine’s Press.
Rehman, R. (2021). Sana oculos meos: Alypius’ curiositas in Augustine’s Confessiones (6, 8, 13). Augustinianum, 61.1, 137-152.
Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press.
Sen, A. (1979). Equality of What? The Tanner Lecture on Human Values. Stanford: Stanford University.
Shafer-Landau, R. (2001). Ethical subjectivism. In R. Shafer-Landau., & J. Feinberg, (Eds.,), Reason and responsibility. (pp. 9-15). Wadsworth.
Ulich, R. (1945). History of educational thought. American Book Company.
Watkins, K. (2012). The power of circumstance: A new approach to measuring educational inequality. Working Paper 5, Centre for Universal Education.
Zagzebski, L., & Fairweather, A. (2001). Virtue epistemology: Essays on epistemic virtue and responsibility. Oxford University Press.

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[1] Abbarno, G. J. M. (2020). The ethics of homelessness: Philosophical perspectives. Brill.

[2] Annas, J. (2001). Intelligent virtue. Oxford University Press.

[3] Aquinas, Th. (1882). Opera omnia. Ex Typographia Polyglotta.

[4] Aristotle. (1994). Posterior analytics (J. Barnes, Trans.). Clarendon Press.

[5] Aristotle. (2002). Metaphysics (Joe Sachs, Trans.). Green Lion Press.

[6] Aristotle. (1998). The Nichomachean Ethics (D. Ross, Trans.). Oxford University Press.

[7] Atoki, M. (1995). Should female circumcision continue to be banned? Feminist Legal Studies, 3, 223-235.

[8] Baehr, J. (2017). Varieties of character and some implications for character education. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46, 1153-1161.

[9] Beiter, K. D. (2006). The protection of the right to education by international law. Martin Nijhoff Publishers.

[10] Boyd, C. (2014). Pride and humility: Tempering the desire for excellence. In C. Boyd & K. Timpe, Virtues and their vices (pp. 245-268). Oxford University Press.

[11] Countries and Economics. (2021). The World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/country

[12] Chesterton, G.K. (1930). The worship of education. Illustrated London News.

[13] Cohen, G. A. (1993). Equality of what? On welfare, goods, and capabilities. In M. C. Nussbaum & A. Sen, (Eds.), The quality of life. (pp. 9-29). Oxford University Press.

[14] Davidson, T. (1990). History of education. Ams Pr Inc.

[15] DeMarco, D. (2000). The many faces of virtue. Emmaus Road.

[16] Deng, F. M. (2009). A cultural approach to human rights among the dinka. In W. Twining, (Ed.,), Human rights, southern voices. (pp. 44-52). Cambridge University Press.

[17] Deng, F. M. (1998). The cow and the thing called ‘what’: Dinka cultural perspectives on wealth and poverty. Journal of International Affairs, 52, 101-29.

[18] Elsayed, D. M. (2011). Female genital mutilation and ethical issues. Sudanese Journal of Public Health, 6, 63-67.

[19] Finnis, J. (1980). Natural law and natural rights. Oxford University Press.

[20] Graves, F. P. (1999). A history of education. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.

[21] Graves, F.P. (1911). A history of education before the Middle Ages. MacMillan.

[22] Halvorsen, K. (1990). Notes on the realization of the human right to education. Human Rights Quarterly, 12(341), 341-364.

[23] John Paul II. (2000). Fides et ratio. Pauline Books & Media.

[24] Kopelman, L. M. (1994). Female circumcision/genital mutilation and ethical relativism. Second Opinion, 20(2), 55-71.

[25] Lewis, C.S. (2001). The abolition of man. In The signature classics of C.S. Lewis. (pp. 731-738). Harper One.

[26] May, W. F. (1984). The virtues in a professional setting. Soundings, 67, 245-266.

[27] Mill, J.S. (1991). On liberty. Oxford University Press.

[28] Nussbaum, M. (1993). Non-relative virtues: An Aristotelian approach. In Nussbaum, M. C., & Sen, A. (Eds.), The quality of life. (pp. 242-268). Oxford University Press.

[29] Nussbaum, M. C., & Sen, A. (Eds.). (1993). The quality of life. Oxford University Press

[30] Oderberg, D. (2013). Natural law and rights theory. In G. Gays., & F. D’Agostino, (Eds.,), The Routledge companion to social and political philosophy. (pp. 375-86). Routledge.

[31] Parker, S.C. (1970). A history of modern elementary education. Littlefield Adams.

[32] Pieper, J. (2012). On love (R. Winston., & C. Winston, Trans.). Ignatius.

[33] Pieper, J. (2015). What is, in truth, worth preserving? (D. Farrelly, Trans.). In Tradition as challenge: Essays and speeches. (pp. 29-42). St. Augustine’s Press.

[34] Rehman, R. (2021). Sana oculos meos: Alypius’ curiositas in Augustine’s Confessiones (6, 8, 13). Augustinianum, 61.1, 137-152.

[35] Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press.

[36] Sen, A. (1979). Equality of What? The Tanner Lecture on Human Values. Stanford: Stanford University.

[37] Shafer-Landau, R. (2001). Ethical subjectivism. In R. Shafer-Landau., & J. Feinberg, (Eds.,), Reason and responsibility. (pp. 9-15). Wadsworth.

[38] Ulich, R. (1945). History of educational thought. American Book Company.

[39] Watkins, K. (2012). The power of circumstance: A new approach to measuring educational inequality. Working Paper 5, Centre for Universal Education.

[40] Zagzebski, L., & Fairweather, A. (2001). Virtue epistemology: Essays on epistemic virtue and responsibility. Oxford University Press.

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