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This essay analyzes the qualitative specificity of José Carlos Mariátegui's philosophical and social thought and its implications for sociological studies in Latin America. It applies a hermeneutic-based sociocultural anthropological approach, which conceives of human beings, their praxis, history, and culture in their systemic nature. The analysis is developed directly from Mariátegui's textual legacy in order to confront dogmatic readings that reduce his work to eclecticism or irrationalism. The main result is the revelation of Mariátegui's methodological originality, as he uniquely articulates the axiological and dialectical dimensions and establishes culture as a heroic creation. It concludes that his philosophy offers a solid and relevant epistemological platform for contemporary critical thought in the region.