Copyright (c) 2026 Synergía
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The rapid transformation of social, academic, and professional contexts has led to a significant increase in dangers related to digital security. In this regard, it is essential to have rigorously designed instruments that enable the reliable and valid measurement of these competencies. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a systematic analysis of scientific publications related to the creation, development, and psychometric validation of questionnaires, scales, and other instruments for digital security analysis, in order to contribute a solid foundation for the design or modification of tools contextualized within higher education. The literature review was conducted using the PRISMA methodology through Google Scholar and EBSCO. It was restricted to publications from 2020 to 2025. Initially, 179 sources were identified; of these, nine were examined: eight original articles and one undergraduate thesis. Among the most relevant findings, 66.7% of the studies used Cronbach's alpha as the main measure of internal consistency; 33.3% used confirmatory factor analysis as a validation technique; and 22.2% used McDonald's omega as an additional method for measuring reliability. Geographically, Asia accounted for 33.3% of the research, followed by Europe and the Americas, each with 22.2%. Furthermore, Latin American representation was limited, as 88.9% of the publications were in English and only 11.1% in Spanish.
