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Submitted October 30, 2025
Published 2025-11-01

Artículos

Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Synergía

Vicarious Violence : Legal Omission and Violation of Human Rights of Women and Children in Panama


DOI https://doi.org/10.48204/synergia.v4n2.8542

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References
DOI: 10.48204/synergia.v4n2.8542

Published: 2025-11-01

How to Cite

Estrada Ortiz , T. G. (2025). Vicarious Violence : Legal Omission and Violation of Human Rights of Women and Children in Panama. Synergía, 4(2), 175–190. https://doi.org/10.48204/synergia.v4n2.8542

Abstract

This study analyzes vicarious violence as an extreme form of gender-based violence, characterized by the use of children as instruments of aggression against women. Although recognized by international literature and human rights jurisprudence, this phenomenon remains unregulated in Panama, limiting judicial response. The aim of the research was to highlight the need for its legal recognition and to assess social perceptions of the issue. A mixed methodology was used: documentary review and quantitative data from a structured survey of 110 adults. Findings revealed widespread unfamiliarity with the term but a strong awareness of its consequences and high demand for legal and educational reform. It concludes that Panama’s legislative omission violates the principle of comprehensive protection and revictimizes both women and children subjected to this type of violence.

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