Caracterización mediante Cromatografía de Gases acoplada a un detector de masas (GC-MS) de biodisel obtenido a partir de aceite reutilizado

Lourdes Arjona; Felipe Barría; Xavier Ortega; Gerardo Cáceres

doi:10.48204/j.tecno.v27n2.a7658

Submitted July 8, 2025

Published 2025-07-11

Artículos

Vol. 27 No. 2 (2025): Tecnociencia

Characterization by Gas Chromatography coupled to a biodiesel mass detector (GC-MS) obtained from reused oil

Lourdes Arjona⁺⁻
Felipe Barría ⁺⁻
Xavier Ortega⁺⁻
Gerardo Cáceres ⁺⁻

DOI https://doi.org/10.48204/j.tecno.v27n2.a7658

PDF (Español (España))

References

DOI: 10.48204/j.tecno.v27n2.a7658

Published: 2025-07-11

How to Cite

Arjona, L., Barría , F., Ortega, X. and Cáceres , G. (2025) “Characterization by Gas Chromatography coupled to a biodiesel mass detector (GC-MS) obtained from reused oil”, Tecnociencia, 27(2), pp. 55–74. doi: 10.48204/j.tecno.v27n2.a7658.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Abstract

In this work, biodiesel was obtained and characterized from used cooking oil and methanol by means of the transesterification reaction, with the aim of using waste oil (a low-value triglyceride resource) as a raw material and thus contributes to minimizing environmental impact. With the methodology used, biodiesel produced from waste oil shows characteristics like biodiesel obtained from virgin oil, as could be seen when characterizing each of the samples characterized by means of various physicochemical tests and by GC-MS chromatography. The realization of this research project generated relevant information and know-how regarding the methodology for the correct characterization by GC-MS of the main components (FAME) present in the biodiesels produced. Among the FAMEs that were characterized are the methyl octanoic, decanoic and octadecanoic esters. These results confirm that biodiesel obtained from cooking oil is a viable and sustainable alternative. In addition, the analytical characterization by GC-MS provided information on FAME, which facilitates its comparison with quality standards and its possible application in diesel engines. In this way, the study contributes to affirming that the scaling of the methodology proposed here is feasible and could contribute to the development of biofuels in Panama, promoting environmental management within the framework of the circular economy.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

ASTM D6751 (2023) ‘Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels’. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1520/D6751-20A.
Azman, N.S. et al. (2021) ‘Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil via Deoxygenation Using Ni-Mo/Ac Catalyst’, Processes 2021, Vol. 9, Page 750, 9(5), p. 750. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/PR9050750.
Babadi, A.A. et al. (2022) ‘Emerging technologies for biodiesel production: Processes, challenges, and opportunities’, Biomass and Bioenergy, 163, p. 106521. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOMBIOE.2022.106521.
BP (2022) ‘BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022,( 71st edition)’, Https://Www.Bp.Com/Content/Dam/Bp/Business-Sites/En/Global/Corporate/Pdfs/Energy-Economics/Statistical-Review/Bp-Stats-Review-2022-Full-Report.Pdf, pp. 1–60. Available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2022-full-report.pdf.
Corral-Bobadilla, M. et al. (2024) ‘An artificial intelligence approach to model and optimize biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using life cycle assessment and market dynamics analysis’, Energy, 307, p. 132712. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2024.132712.
Encinar, J.M, et al (2010) Transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol in the presence of various co solvents pdf free ebook download. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277149728_Transesterification_of_rapeseed_oil_with_methanol_in_the_presence_of_various_co-solvents (Accessed: 2 February 2025).
Gebreslassie, M.G., Bahta, S.T. & Mihrete, A.S. (2023) ‘Development of alternative fuel for cement industries: The case of Messebo cement factory in Ethiopia’, Waste Management Bulletin, 1(3), pp. 58–70. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WMB.2023.07.003.
Harbers, L. & Nielsen, S. (2003) ‘El análisis de las cenizas’, Análisis de los Alimentos, pp. 121–132. Available at: https://www.editorialacribia.com/libro/analisis-de-los-alimentos_54086/ (Accessed: 17 September 2023).
Hoekman, S.K. et al. (2012) ‘Review of biodiesel composition, properties, and specifications’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(1), pp. 143–169. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2011.07.143.
Kousoulidou, M. et al. (2012) ‘Impact of biodiesel application at various blending ratios on passenger cars of different fueling technologies’, Fuel, 98, pp. 88–94. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUEL.2012.03.038.
Lafont, J.J., Páez, M.S. and Torres, Y.C. (2011) ‘Análisis Químico de Mezclas Biodiesel de Aceite de Cocina Usado y Diesel por Espectroscopia Infrarroja’, Información tecnológica, 22(4), pp. 35–42. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07642011000400005.
Leng, L. et al. (2018) ‘Biodiesel microemulsion upgrading and thermogravimetric study of bio-oil produced by liquefaction of different sludges’, Energy, 153, pp. 1061–1072. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2018.04.087.
Liu, Z., Wang, J. and Nielsen, J. (2022) ‘Yeast synthetic biology advances biofuel production’, Current Opinion in Microbiology, 65, pp. 33–39. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2021.10.010.
Mary Flor Césare, L.C. (2010) ‘Redalyc. Evaluación de la purificación de biodiésel en la etapa final de producción’.
Norma española UNE-EN 14214, 2013 (2013) ‘UNE-EN 14214:2013 A2+V2 Productos petrolíferos líquidos Ésteres metílicos de ácidos grasos ( FAME ) para motores diésel y equipos de calefacción Requisitos y métodos de ensayo’, p. 6.
Norma española UNE-EN 14331 (2004) ‘UNE-EN 14331’.
Norma Española UNE-EN ISO 5508 (1996) ‘Noma española’.
ONU (2023) Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible | Naciones Unidas en México, Onu. United Nations. Available at: https://www.un.org/es/common-agenda/sustainable-development-goals (Accessed: 12 September 2023).
Organización Meteorológica Mundial | (2020). Available at: https://public.wmo.int/en (Accessed: 12 September 2023).
Pérez-Bravo, S.G. et al. (2022) ‘Condiciones del proceso de transesterificación en la producción de biodiésel y sus distintos mecanismos de reacción’, TIP. Revista
especializada en ciencias químico-biológicas, 25. Available at: https://doi.org/10.22201/FESZ.23958723E.2022.481.
Progress, R.O.N., The, F. and Annual, U. (2022) ‘BIODIESEL & CO. 2021/2022’, pp. 1–60.
Rodionova, M. V. et al. (2017) ‘Biofuel production: Challenges and opportunities’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(12), pp. 8450–8461. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2016.11.125.
Rupilius, W. and Ahmad, S. (2007) ‘Palm oil and palm kernel oil as raw materials for basic oleochemicals and biodiesel’, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 109(4), pp. 433–439. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/EJLT.200600291.
Shi, Z. et al. (2023) ‘Mechanism, performance and modification methods for NH3-SCR catalysts: A review’, Fuel, 331, p. 125885. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUEL.2022.125885.
Shirk, M. et al. (2017) ‘History of Significant Vehicle and Fuel Introductions in the United States’. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2172/1408646.
Simshauser, P. (2023) ‘The 2022 energy crisis: Fuel poverty and the impact of policy interventions in Australia’s National Electricity Market’, Energy Economics, 121(March), p. 106660. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106660.
Tan, D. et al. (2023) ‘Utilization of renewable and sustainable diesel/methanol/n-butanol (DMB) blends for reducing the engine emissions in a diesel engine with different pre-injection strategies’, Energy, 269, p. 126785. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2023.126785.
Tesfaye Tefera, N. et al. (2024) ‘Optimization, characterization, and GC-MS analysis of CSOME produced using alkali catalyzed transesterification’, Energy Conversion and Management: X, 22, p. 100549. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECMX.2024.100549.
Unidas, O. de las naciones (2022) Las emisiones históricas del sector de la construcción, lo alejan de los objetivos de descarbonización. Available at: https://news.un.org/es/story/2022/11/1516722.
Verscheure, P. et al. (2023) ‘Impact of environmental nitrogen pollution on pollen allergy: A scoping review’, Science of The Total Environment, 893(June), p. 164801. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164801.
Yousef, S. et al. (2023) ‘Pyrolysis of cigarette butts as a sustainable strategy to recover triacetin for low-cost and efficient biodiesel production’, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 175, p. 106167. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAAP.2023.106167.
Zahan, K.A. and Kano, M. (2018) ‘Biodiesel production from palm oil, its by-products, and mill effluent: A review’, Energies. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, p. 2132. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/en11082132.

Keywords

PDF (Español (España))

Resumen visto - 4 veces
PDF (Español (España)) descargado - 6

Licencia

Este obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.

Content Top

[1] ASTM D6751 (2023) ‘Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels’. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1520/D6751-20A.

[2] Azman, N.S. et al. (2021) ‘Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil via Deoxygenation Using Ni-Mo/Ac Catalyst’, Processes 2021, Vol. 9, Page 750, 9(5), p. 750. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/PR9050750.

[3] Babadi, A.A. et al. (2022) ‘Emerging technologies for biodiesel production: Processes, challenges, and opportunities’, Biomass and Bioenergy, 163, p. 106521. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOMBIOE.2022.106521.

[4] BP (2022) ‘BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022,( 71st edition)’, Https://Www.Bp.Com/Content/Dam/Bp/Business-Sites/En/Global/Corporate/Pdfs/Energy-Economics/Statistical-Review/Bp-Stats-Review-2022-Full-Report.Pdf, pp. 1–60. Available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2022-full-report.pdf.

[5] Corral-Bobadilla, M. et al. (2024) ‘An artificial intelligence approach to model and optimize biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using life cycle assessment and market dynamics analysis’, Energy, 307, p. 132712. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2024.132712.

[6] Encinar, J.M, et al (2010) Transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol in the presence of various co solvents pdf free ebook download. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277149728_Transesterification_of_rapeseed_oil_with_methanol_in_the_presence_of_various_co-solvents (Accessed: 2 February 2025).

[7] Gebreslassie, M.G., Bahta, S.T. & Mihrete, A.S. (2023) ‘Development of alternative fuel for cement industries: The case of Messebo cement factory in Ethiopia’, Waste Management Bulletin, 1(3), pp. 58–70. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WMB.2023.07.003.

[8] Harbers, L. & Nielsen, S. (2003) ‘El análisis de las cenizas’, Análisis de los Alimentos, pp. 121–132. Available at: https://www.editorialacribia.com/libro/analisis-de-los-alimentos_54086/ (Accessed: 17 September 2023).

[9] Hoekman, S.K. et al. (2012) ‘Review of biodiesel composition, properties, and specifications’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(1), pp. 143–169. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2011.07.143.

[10] Kousoulidou, M. et al. (2012) ‘Impact of biodiesel application at various blending ratios on passenger cars of different fueling technologies’, Fuel, 98, pp. 88–94. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUEL.2012.03.038.

[11] Lafont, J.J., Páez, M.S. and Torres, Y.C. (2011) ‘Análisis Químico de Mezclas Biodiesel de Aceite de Cocina Usado y Diesel por Espectroscopia Infrarroja’, Información tecnológica, 22(4), pp. 35–42. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07642011000400005.

[12] Leng, L. et al. (2018) ‘Biodiesel microemulsion upgrading and thermogravimetric study of bio-oil produced by liquefaction of different sludges’, Energy, 153, pp. 1061–1072. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2018.04.087.

[13] Liu, Z., Wang, J. and Nielsen, J. (2022) ‘Yeast synthetic biology advances biofuel production’, Current Opinion in Microbiology, 65, pp. 33–39. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2021.10.010.

[14] Mary Flor Césare, L.C. (2010) ‘Redalyc. Evaluación de la purificación de biodiésel en la etapa final de producción’.

[15] Norma española UNE-EN 14214, 2013 (2013) ‘UNE-EN 14214:2013 A2+V2 Productos petrolíferos líquidos Ésteres metílicos de ácidos grasos ( FAME ) para motores diésel y equipos de calefacción Requisitos y métodos de ensayo’, p. 6.

[16] Norma española UNE-EN 14331 (2004) ‘UNE-EN 14331’.

[17] Norma Española UNE-EN ISO 5508 (1996) ‘Noma española’.

[18] ONU (2023) Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible | Naciones Unidas en México, Onu. United Nations. Available at: https://www.un.org/es/common-agenda/sustainable-development-goals (Accessed: 12 September 2023).

[19] Organización Meteorológica Mundial | (2020). Available at: https://public.wmo.int/en (Accessed: 12 September 2023).

[20] Pérez-Bravo, S.G. et al. (2022) ‘Condiciones del proceso de transesterificación en la producción de biodiésel y sus distintos mecanismos de reacción’, TIP. Revista

[21] especializada en ciencias químico-biológicas, 25. Available at: https://doi.org/10.22201/FESZ.23958723E.2022.481.

[22] Progress, R.O.N., The, F. and Annual, U. (2022) ‘BIODIESEL & CO. 2021/2022’, pp. 1–60.

[23] Rodionova, M. V. et al. (2017) ‘Biofuel production: Challenges and opportunities’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(12), pp. 8450–8461. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2016.11.125.

[24] Rupilius, W. and Ahmad, S. (2007) ‘Palm oil and palm kernel oil as raw materials for basic oleochemicals and biodiesel’, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 109(4), pp. 433–439. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/EJLT.200600291.

[25] Shi, Z. et al. (2023) ‘Mechanism, performance and modification methods for NH3-SCR catalysts: A review’, Fuel, 331, p. 125885. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUEL.2022.125885.

[26] Shirk, M. et al. (2017) ‘History of Significant Vehicle and Fuel Introductions in the United States’. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2172/1408646.

[27] Simshauser, P. (2023) ‘The 2022 energy crisis: Fuel poverty and the impact of policy interventions in Australia’s National Electricity Market’, Energy Economics, 121(March), p. 106660. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106660.

[28] Tan, D. et al. (2023) ‘Utilization of renewable and sustainable diesel/methanol/n-butanol (DMB) blends for reducing the engine emissions in a diesel engine with different pre-injection strategies’, Energy, 269, p. 126785. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2023.126785.

[29] Tesfaye Tefera, N. et al. (2024) ‘Optimization, characterization, and GC-MS analysis of CSOME produced using alkali catalyzed transesterification’, Energy Conversion and Management: X, 22, p. 100549. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECMX.2024.100549.

[30] Unidas, O. de las naciones (2022) Las emisiones históricas del sector de la construcción, lo alejan de los objetivos de descarbonización. Available at: https://news.un.org/es/story/2022/11/1516722.

[31] Verscheure, P. et al. (2023) ‘Impact of environmental nitrogen pollution on pollen allergy: A scoping review’, Science of The Total Environment, 893(June), p. 164801. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164801.

[32] Yousef, S. et al. (2023) ‘Pyrolysis of cigarette butts as a sustainable strategy to recover triacetin for low-cost and efficient biodiesel production’, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 175, p. 106167. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAAP.2023.106167.

[33] Zahan, K.A. and Kano, M. (2018) ‘Biodiesel production from palm oil, its by-products, and mill effluent: A review’, Energies. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, p. 2132. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/en11082132.

Cover image

How to Cite

Download Citation

Abstract

Downloads

References

Keywords

Licencia