Anatomía de la madera de Dalbergia retusa (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) y dos muestras de maderas semejantes indeterminadas en Panamá

Janitce A. Harwood; Cristina Garibaldi

doi:10.48204/j.tecno.v27n2.a7677

Submitted July 9, 2025

Published 2025-07-11

Artículos

Vol. 27 No. 2 (2025): Tecnociencia

Wood anatomy of Dalbergia retusa (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) and two similar, unidentified wood samples in Panama

Janitce A. Harwood ⁺⁻
Cristina Garibaldi⁺⁻

DOI https://doi.org/10.48204/j.tecno.v27n2.a7677

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References

DOI: 10.48204/j.tecno.v27n2.a7677

Published: 2025-07-11

How to Cite

Harwood , J. A. and Garibaldi, C. (2025) “Wood anatomy of Dalbergia retusa (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) and two similar, unidentified wood samples in Panama”, Tecnociencia, 27(2), pp. 176–197. doi: 10.48204/j.tecno.v27n2.a7677.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Abstract

We aimed to characterize the anatomical features of Dalbergia retusa and clarify the identity of two wood samples labeled “cocobolo” from East Panama. Each wood sample was morpho-anatomically described, measured, and compared following the International Association of Wood Anatomists (IAWA) Committee standards. Basic density and fluorescence tests were also conducted. The wood anatomy of both samples aligns with the typical characteristics of the order Fabales and the genus Dalbergia. The combination of these features: vessel frequency, vessel element length, axial parenchyma, fibers and wood density reveals significant structural and functional differences among the three tree samples, which are typically associated with distinct ecological environments. Fluorescence tests did not reveal distinct differences between the samples; however, the density measurements provided useful separation. D. retusa exhibited very high-density values, while sample 1 showed high-density, and sample 2 showed medium density, both of wich suggest variability in the wood properties. The observed anatomical and density differences indicate that the two “cocobolo” samples might represent a distinct taxon, separate from Dalbergia retusa.

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References

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Baas, P., Wheeler, E., & Chase, M. (2000). Dicotyledonous wood anatomy and the APG system of angiosperm classification. Bot.l J. Linn. Soc. 134(1-2): 3-17. 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb02343.x
Barajas-Morales, J. (1987). Wood specific gravity in species from two tropical forests in Mexico. IAWA Bulletin 8(2): 143–148.
Carlquist, S. (2001). Comparative wood anatomy: systematic, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of dicotyledon wood. 2 ed. Heidelberg, Germany. Springer. 435 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04578-7
Carlquist, S. (1966). Wood anatomy of Compositae: a summary, with comments on factors controlling wood evolution. Aliso, 6(2): 25-44.
Chave, J. (2006). Medición de densidad de madera en árboles tropicales. Manual de campo. Toulouse, France. Pan-Amazonia. 7 p.
Convection on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). (2010). Cedrela, D., retusa, D., granadillo, & D. stevensonii. Doha, Qatar. https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/cop/15/doc/E15-57.pdf
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Stevensonii Satandl, D.. (2025a). Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. https://www.tropicos.org/name/13014006
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Espinoza, N. E., & León, W. J. (2002). Estudio Anatómico del leño de 56 especies. Rev. Forest. Venezuela, 46(1): 59-71.
Gasson P., Baas, P-, & Wheeler, E. (2011). Wood anatomy of CITES-listed tree species. IAWA J. 32(2): 155-198, https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000050
Gasson P., Miller, R., Stekel, D.J., Whinder, F., & Ziemi?ska, K. (2010). Wood identification of Dalbergia nigra (CITES Appendix I) using quantitative wood anatomy, principal components analysis and naïve Bayes classification. Ann. Bot. 105(1): 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp270
Gottald, H. (1958). Handelsholzer. Ferdinand Holzman Verlag, Hamburg.
Gutiérrez RMP, EG Baez. (2013). Citotoxic activity of isoflavan-cinnamylphenols from Dalbergia congestiflora on HeLa cells. J. of Med. Plant Res. 7(40): 2992-2998. https://academicjournals.org/journal/JMPR/article-full-text-pdf/BC9B37341433
Hacke, U. G., Sperry, J. S., Wheeler, J. K., & Castro, L. (2006). Scaling of angiosperm xylem structure with safety and efficiency. Tree Physiology, 26(6): 689-701. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/26.6.689
Hall, J. S., & Ashton, M. (2016). Guía de crecimiento y sobrevivencia temprana de 64 especies de árboles nativos de Panamá y el Neotrópico. 1 ed. Panamá, Panamá. Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales. 171 p.
Hammel, B. E., Grayum, M. H., Herrera, C., & Zamora, N. (2010). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Volumen V. Dicotiledóneas (Clusiaceae–Gunneraceae). Missouri, Missouri Botanical Garden Press, US: St. Louis. 119:1-970.
Hartvig I., Czako, M., Kjær, E. D., Nielsen, L. R., & Theilade, I. (2015). The use of DNA barcoding in identification and conservation of rosewood (Dalbergia spp.). PLoS One, 10(9): e0138231. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138231
He, T., Jiao, L., Yu, M., Guo, J., Jiang, X., & Yin, Y. (2019). DNA barcoding authentication for the wood of eight endangered Dalbergia timber species using machine learning approaches. Holzforschung, 73(3): 277-285. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0076
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IAWA Committee. (1989). I AWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. IAWA J., 10 (3): 219– 332.
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Kite, G. C., Green, P. W., Veitch, N. C., Groves, M. C., Gasson P. E., & Simmonds, M. S. (2010). Dalnigrin, a neoflavonoid marker for the identification of Brazilian rosewood (Dalbergia nigra) in CITES enforcement. Phytochemistry, 71(10): 1122-1131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.04.011
Kribs, D. A. (1968). Commercial foreign woods on the American market. 1 ed. Verlag, Berlin. Dover Publications. 241 p.
Linares, J., & Sousa, M. (2007). Nuevas especies de Dalbergia (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Dalbergieae) en México y Centroamérica. Ceiba, 48(1-2): 61-82.
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Martínez-Cabrera, H. I., Jones, C. S., Espino, S., & Schenk, H. J. (2009). Wood anatomy and wood density in shrubs: responses to varying aridity along transcontinental transects. Am. J. Bot., 96(8): 1388–1398. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0800237
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[1] ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). (1969). Standard method for testing small clear specimens of timber. 126 p. (Designation D 143-52).

[2] Baas, P., Wheeler, E., & Chase, M. (2000). Dicotyledonous wood anatomy and the APG system of angiosperm classification. Bot.l J. Linn. Soc. 134(1-2): 3-17. 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb02343.x

[3] Barajas-Morales, J. (1987). Wood specific gravity in species from two tropical forests in Mexico. IAWA Bulletin 8(2): 143–148.

[4] Carlquist, S. (2001). Comparative wood anatomy: systematic, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of dicotyledon wood. 2 ed. Heidelberg, Germany. Springer. 435 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04578-7

[5] Carlquist, S. (1966). Wood anatomy of Compositae: a summary, with comments on factors controlling wood evolution. Aliso, 6(2): 25-44.

[6] Chave, J. (2006). Medición de densidad de madera en árboles tropicales. Manual de campo. Toulouse, France. Pan-Amazonia. 7 p.

[7] Convection on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). (2010). Cedrela, D., retusa, D., granadillo, & D. stevensonii. Doha, Qatar. https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/cop/15/doc/E15-57.pdf

[8] Convection on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). (2016). The Checklist of CITES Species Website. Appendices I, II and III valid from 04 April 2017. Geneva, Switzerland. Cambridge, England. https://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php

[9] COPANIT (Comisión Panamericana de Normas Técnica). (1973). Descripción macroscópica, microscópica y general de la madera. p 1-19. (Esquema 1).

[10] Correa, M. D., Galdames, C., & Stapf, M. S. (2004). Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Panamá. Universidad de Panamá, Editora Novo Art. 599 p.

[11] Croat, T. B. (1978). Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press. 337 p.

[12] Stevensonii Satandl, D.. (2025a). Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. https://www.tropicos.org/name/13014006

[13] D. tucurensis Donn. Sm. (2025b). Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. https://www.tropicos.org/name/13014010

[14] Dwyer, J. D., Hermann, F. J. (1965). Flora of Panama. Part V, fascicle 4. Family 83. Leguminosae. Subfamily Papilionoideae (in part). Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 52(1): 1-54.

[15] Espinoza, E. O,, Wiemann, M. C., Barajas-Morales, J . G. Chavarria, D., & McClure, P. J. (2015). Forensic analysis of CITES-protected Dalbergia timber from the Americas. Iawa J., 36(3): 311-325. 10.1163/22941932-20150102

[16] Espinoza, N. E., & León, W. J. (2002). Estudio Anatómico del leño de 56 especies. Rev. Forest. Venezuela, 46(1): 59-71.

[17] Gasson P., Baas, P-, & Wheeler, E. (2011). Wood anatomy of CITES-listed tree species. IAWA J. 32(2): 155-198, https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000050

[18] Gasson P., Miller, R., Stekel, D.J., Whinder, F., & Ziemi?ska, K. (2010). Wood identification of Dalbergia nigra (CITES Appendix I) using quantitative wood anatomy, principal components analysis and naïve Bayes classification. Ann. Bot. 105(1): 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp270

[19] Gottald, H. (1958). Handelsholzer. Ferdinand Holzman Verlag, Hamburg.

[20] Gutiérrez RMP, EG Baez. (2013). Citotoxic activity of isoflavan-cinnamylphenols from Dalbergia congestiflora on HeLa cells. J. of Med. Plant Res. 7(40): 2992-2998. https://academicjournals.org/journal/JMPR/article-full-text-pdf/BC9B37341433

[21] Hacke, U. G., Sperry, J. S., Wheeler, J. K., & Castro, L. (2006). Scaling of angiosperm xylem structure with safety and efficiency. Tree Physiology, 26(6): 689-701. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/26.6.689

[22] Hall, J. S., & Ashton, M. (2016). Guía de crecimiento y sobrevivencia temprana de 64 especies de árboles nativos de Panamá y el Neotrópico. 1 ed. Panamá, Panamá. Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales. 171 p.

[23] Hammel, B. E., Grayum, M. H., Herrera, C., & Zamora, N. (2010). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Volumen V. Dicotiledóneas (Clusiaceae–Gunneraceae). Missouri, Missouri Botanical Garden Press, US: St. Louis. 119:1-970.

[24] Hartvig I., Czako, M., Kjær, E. D., Nielsen, L. R., & Theilade, I. (2015). The use of DNA barcoding in identification and conservation of rosewood (Dalbergia spp.). PLoS One, 10(9): e0138231. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138231

[25] He, T., Jiao, L., Yu, M., Guo, J., Jiang, X., & Yin, Y. (2019). DNA barcoding authentication for the wood of eight endangered Dalbergia timber species using machine learning approaches. Holzforschung, 73(3): 277-285. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0076

[26] Heinrichs, J. F., & Lassen, L. E. (1970). Improved technique for determining the volume of irregularly shaped wood blocks. For. Prod. J., 20(4): 24.

[27] IAWA Committee. (1989). I AWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. IAWA J., 10 (3): 219– 332.

[28] IBAMA (Instituto de Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis). (1992). Normas e procedimientos en estudos de anatomía de madeira: angiospermas e gimnospermas. 17 p. (Serie técnica, 15).

[29] InsideWood. (2004) Modern hardwood menu. [Accessed: 9 July 2019]. http://insidewood.lib.ncsu.edu/search.

[30] Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo. (2010). Precipitación Pluvial Registrada en las Estaciones Meteorológicas de la República, según Provincia, Comarca Indígena y Estación: años 2011-10. In: https://www.inec.gob.pa/archivos/P3771121-01.pdf

[31] Jane, F. W. (1956). The structure of wood. Mcmillan, New York, vii + 427 p.

[32] Jeffrey, E. C. (1917). The anatomy of woody plants. 1 ed. Chicago, Illinois. University of Chicago Press. 478 p.

[33] Kite, G. C., Green, P. W., Veitch, N. C., Groves, M. C., Gasson P. E., & Simmonds, M. S. (2010). Dalnigrin, a neoflavonoid marker for the identification of Brazilian rosewood (Dalbergia nigra) in CITES enforcement. Phytochemistry, 71(10): 1122-1131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.04.011

[34] Kribs, D. A. (1968). Commercial foreign woods on the American market. 1 ed. Verlag, Berlin. Dover Publications. 241 p.

[35] Linares, J., & Sousa, M. (2007). Nuevas especies de Dalbergia (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Dalbergieae) en México y Centroamérica. Ceiba, 48(1-2): 61-82.

[36] Linnaeus, C., & von Linné, C. (1781). Supplementum plantarum Systematis vegetabilium, editionis decimæ tertiæ, Generum plantarum editionis sextæ, et Specierum plantarum editionis secundæ. impensis Orphanotrophei.

[37] Mabberley D. J. (1987). The plant-book. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 707 p.

[38] Martin, C. (1984). Tropical timbers of the world. Agriculture handbook (USA). no. 607.

[39] Martínez-Cabrera, H. I., Jones, C. S., Espino, S., & Schenk, H. J. (2009). Wood anatomy and wood density in shrubs: responses to varying aridity along transcontinental transects. Am. J. Bot., 96(8): 1388–1398. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0800237

[40] Miller, R. B., & Wiemann, M. C. (2006). Separation of Dalbergia nigra from Dalbergia spruceana. For. Prod. Lab. 5 p.

[41] Moya, R., Wiemann, M. C., & Olivares. C. (2013). Identification of endangered or threatened Costa Rican tree species by wood anatomy and fluorescence activity. Rev. Bio. Tro., 61(3): 1113-1156.

[42] Muller?Landau, H. C. (2004). Interspecific and inter?site variation in wood specific gravity of tropical trees. Biotrópica, 36: 20–32.

[43] Munsell Color. (2000). Munsell Soil Color Charts. New Windsor, New York. 10 p.

[44] Parker, T. (2008). Trees of Guatemala (No. CG/582.16097281 P3). 1033 p.

[45] Plumptre, R. A. (1984). Pinus caribaea. Volume 2: Wood properties. 1 ed. Oxford, England. University of Oxford. 148 pp.

[46] Quirk, J., & Miller. R. (1985). Vestured pits in the tribe Cassieae Bronn (Leguminosae). IAWA J., 6(3):200-212.

[47] Rasband, W. S. (2011). National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. http://imagej. nih. gov/ij/.

[48] Ravaomanalina, B. H., Crivellaro, A., & Schweingruber, F. H. (2017). Stem Anatomy of Dalbergia and Diospyros Species from Madagascar: With a Special Focus on Wood Identification. 1 ed. New York, USA. Springer Cham. 119 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51147-4

[49] Record S. (1942). Keys to American woods. I. Ring porous woods. Trop. Woods, 72:19-29.

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