Latin America, at this beginning of the third millennium, will immediately attract our attention, the exceptional dynamism of its political life, during the last five or six five-year periods. Because it is clear that in the last quarter of the century, we have witnessed in Latin America a vertiginous and complex process of rapid social and political changes, which include the same important changes from right-wing governments and even extreme right to moderate-left governments, and vice versa , from those governments called 'progressives' to new right-wing and anti-popular governments, which vast social and popular mobilizations that, with their profound action, have even managed to overthrow national governments peacefully. Much of this exceptional political dynamism in Latin America is due to this proliferation within its vast and powerful new type of anti-systemic movements. Within the vast set of these powerful anti-capitalist and anti-systemic movements in Latin America, the specifically indigenous movements, which have been constituted as different and independent social movements, have a prominent role.