Comparación de dos granjas agroecológicas en la transformación de sabanas de la Orinoquia (Colombia): afinidades y contrastes

Amanda Silva Parra; Pedro Júlio Gómez Bilbao; Jorge Alberto Rangel Mendoza

doi:10.48204/j.ia.v8n2.a10103

Submitted June 5, 2026

Published 2026-06-26

Artículos

Vol. 8 No. 2 (2026): Revista investigaciones agropecuarias

Comparison of agroecological farms in the transformation of the savannahs of Orinoquia (Colombia): affinities and contrasts

Amanda Silva Parra⁺⁻
Pedro Júlio Gómez Bilbao⁺⁻
Jorge Alberto Rangel Mendoza⁺⁻

DOI https://doi.org/10.48204/j.ia.v8n2.a10103

PDF (Español (España))

References

DOI: 10.48204/j.ia.v8n2.a10103

Published: 2026-06-26

How to Cite

Silva Parra, A., Gómez Bilbao, P. J., & Rangel Mendoza, J. A. (2026). Comparison of agroecological farms in the transformation of the savannahs of Orinoquia (Colombia): affinities and contrasts. Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(2), 66–80. https://doi.org/10.48204/j.ia.v8n2.a10103

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Abstract

This article aims to analyze two agroecological farms: the Aula Viva Tropical Agrotourism Farm and the La Pelusa Agroecological Farm, located in the Llanero Piedmont (Lejanías) and the Altillanura region (Puerto Gaitán), respectively, focusing on their role in the transformation of the Orinoco savannas. The research is exploratory and deductive, following a socio-ecological diagnostic approach, interview was conducted with key informant. The Aula Viva Tropical Farm is an agroenergy system that integrates sustainability and the use of local goods and services, water, soil resources, and profitable, environmentally sustainable agro-industrial business models. La Pelusa is a productive agroecological farm with a regenerative approach that utilizes local resources, improving soil fertility, vegetation cover, and diversifying productive activities, including agriculture, livestock, and the use of alternative energy sources such as solar power. These are two types of agritourism initiatives that provide training in peasant innovation, acting as agents of social, economic and productive change for the sustainable transformation of the savannas in the region.

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References

Abreu, R. C., Hoffmann, W. A., Vasconcelos, H. L., Pilon, N. A., Rossatto, D. R., & Durigan, G. (2017). The biodiversity cost of carbon sequestration in tropical savanna. Science Advance, 3, e1701284. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701284
ALCALDIA DE PUERTO GAITÁN (2018). Monografía de Puerto Gaitán. Recuperado el 23 de junio de 2024, de Puerto Gaitán y sus Origenes. https://www.puertogaitan meta.gov.co/historia-316684/puerto-gaitan-y-sus-origenes
Altieri, M. A. (2009). Agroecology, small farms and food sovereignity. Monthly Review, 61(3), 102-111. https://monthlyreview.org/articles/agroecology-small-farms-and-food-sovereignty/
Altieri, M. A., & Toledo, V. M. (2011). The agroecological revolution of Latin America: Rescuing nature, securing food sovereignity and empowering peasants. Journal of Peasant Studies, 38(3), 587-612. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2011.582947
Antwi-Agyei, P., Abalo, E. M., Dougill, A. J., & Baffour-Ata, F. (2021). Motivations, Enablers and Barriers to the Adoption of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices by Smallholder Farmers: Evidence from the Transitional and Savannah Agroecological Zones of Ghana. Regional Sustainability, 2, 375–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsus.2022.01.005.
Babilonia Ballesteros, R. I. (2014). Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Rural Sustentable y la Soberanía Alimentaria (CEDRSSA). Estudios e investigaciones: nueva ruralidad; enfoques y propuestas para América Latina. Cuadernos de Geografía: Revista Colombiana de Geografía, 23(1), 189-193. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2818/281829103006.pdf
BANCO DE LA REPÚBLICA. (2022). Pueblos de doctrina jesuita en los Llanos, siglos XVII-XVIII. Obtenido de https://www.banrepcultural.org/biblioteca-virtual/credencial-historia/numero-354/pueblos-de-doctrina-jesuita-en-los-llanos
Banos-Gonzalez, I., Martínez-Fernández, J., Esteve-Selma, M. Á., & Esteve-Guirao, P. (2018). Sensitivity analysis in socioecological models as a tool in environmental policy for sustainability. Sustainability, 10(8), 2928.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082928
Bernardino, P. N., Dantas, V. L., Hirota, M., Pausas, J. G., & Oliveira, R. S. (2022). Savanna–Forest coexistence across a fire gradient. Ecosystems, 25, 279–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-021-00654-4
Berrouet, L. M., Machado, J., & Villegas-Palacio, C. (2018). Vulnerability of socio-ecological systems: A conceptual framework. Ecological Indicators, 84, 632-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.07.051
Bommarco, R., Kleijn, D., & Potts, S. G. (2013). Ecological intensification: harnessing ecosystem services for food security. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 28, 230-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.012
Cabrera-Becerra, G. (2021). Las relaciones entre misioneros en la zona fronteriza del Vaupés Colombo-Brasileño (1914 - 1982). Franciscanum. Revista de las Ciencias del Espíritu, 63(175). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9772-7542
Calle Collado, Á., Vara Sánchez, I., & Cuéllar, M. (2006). La transición social agroecológica. 2006. Barcelona, España: Icaria. https://base.socioeco.org/docs/la_transicion_social_agroecologica.pdf
Carriazo, F., Labarta, R., & Escobedo, F. J. (2020), Incentivizing sustainable rangeland practices and policies in Colombia’s Orinoco region. Land Use Policy, 95, 104203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104203
CENTRO DE INVESTICACIÓN LA PALMITA (2022). Hacienda Caribabare, vida y leyenda para la conservación en Tame - Arauca. Obtenido de https://www.lapalmita.com.co/single-post/hacienda-caribabare-vida-y-leyenda-para-la-conservaci%C3%B3n
Cevallos-Suarez, M., Uraneta-Ortega, F., & Jaimes, E. (2019). Desarrollo de sistemas de producción agroecológica: Dimensiones e indicadores para su estudio. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), 25(3), 172-185. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/280/28060161012/
Cleves, J. A., Toro, J., Martinez, L. F, and León, T. (2017). La Estructura Agroecológica Principal (EAP): novedosa herramienta para planeación del uso de la tierra en agroecosistemas. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, 11, 441–49. https://doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2017v11i2.7350
Corning, P. A. (2021). Systems theory and the role of synergy in the evolution of living systems. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 31(2), 181-196. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2191
Chimi, P. M., Mala, W. A., Tchonang Djoumbi, B. L. et al. (2025). Indigenous agroecological knowledge and practices for climate change adaptation in the forest-savanna transition zone at Batchenga in the Centre Region of Cameroon. Discover Environment, (3)16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44274-025-00192-z
De Berríos, O. G., & Briceño De Gómez, M. I. (2009). Enfoques epistemológicos que orientan la investigación de 4to. nivel. Visión Gerencial, 47-54. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4655/465545882009.pdf
Delgado-Huertas, H., Rangel, J. A., & Silva-Parra, A. (2018). Caracterización de la fertilidad química de los suelos en sistemas productivos de la altillanura plana, Meta, Colombia. Luna Azul, 46, 54–69. https://doi.org/10.17151/luaz.2018.46.5
Dooley, K E., & Grady Roberts, T. (2020). Agricultural education and extension curriculum innovation: the nexus of climate change, food security, and community resilience. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 26(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2019.1703507.
DNP. (2018). Lejanías. Terridata fichas y tableros. Colombia. Obtenido de https://terridata.blob.core.windows.net/fichas/Ficha_50400.pdf
DNP. (2018b). Puerto Gaitán. Fichas y Tablero. Recuperado el 23 de junio de 2024, de Terridata. Fichas y Tableros.: https://terridata.blob.core.windows.net/fichas/Ficha_50568.pdf
Dumont, A. M., Vanloqueren, G., Stassart, P. M., & Baret, P. V. (2016). Clarifying the socioeconomic dimensions of agroecology: between principles and practices. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 40(1), 24-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2015.1089967
FAO (2010). Situación mundial de la agroecología. Discurso del director general de la FAO en la ceremonia celebrada en la sede de la FAO en ocasión del día mundial de la alimentación de 2010. Disponible en http://www.fao.org/spanish/dg/2010/
Giraldo, O. F. (2015). Agroecología y complejidad. Acoplamiento de la técnica a la organización ecosistémica. Ciencias sociales: desafíos y perspectivas, 41. http://journals.openedition.org/polis/11045
González-Orozco, C. E., Diaz-Giraldo, R. A., & Rodríguez-Castañeda, C. (2023). An early warning for better planning of agricultural expansion and biodiversity conservation in the Orinoco high plains of Colombia. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7, 1192054. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1192054
Grace, J., José, J. S., Meir, P., Miranda, H. S., & Montes, R. A. (2006). Productivity and Carbon Fluxes of Tropical Savannas. Journal of Biogeography, 33, 387–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01448.x.
Guodaar, L, Bardsley, D. K., & Suh, J. (2021). Integrating local perceptions with scientific evidence to understand climate change variability in northern Ghana: a mixed-methods approach. Applied Geography, 130, 102440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2021.102440
Huertas Herrera, A. H., Baptiste Ballera, B. L. G., Toro-Manríquez, M. D. R., Lencinas, M. V., Martínez Pastur, G. J., & Huertas Ramírez, H. (2021). Changes in vegetation of flooded savannas subject to cattle grazing and fire in plains of Colombia. Land, 10, 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10020108
IGAC (2020). Consulta clases agrológicas. Obtenido de Colombia en Mapas: https://www.colombiaenmapas.gov.co/#
IGAC (2021). Consulta catastral. Recuperado el 23 de Junio de 2024, de Colombia en Mapas: https://www.colombiaenmapas.gov.co/#
Landini, F. (2011). Racionalidad económica campesina. Mundo Agrario, 12(23), 21-45. https://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/art_revistas/pr.5045/pr.5045.pdf
Orozco-Hueje, D., Barreto-Rojas, D., Trujillo-González, J. M., Silva-Parra, A., Serrano-Gómez, M., Castillo-Monroy, E., & Torres-Mora, M. (2022). Sumideros naturales de carbono: un estudio de caso en morichales de la altillanura colombiana. Revista De Investigación Agraria Y Ambiental, 14(1), 178-199. https://doi.org/10.22490/21456453.5531
Rangel-Mendoza, J. A., & Silva-Parra, A. (2020). Agroforestry systems of Theobroma cacao L. affects soil and leaf litter quality. Colombia Forestal, 23(2), 75-88. https://doi.org/10.14483/2256201x.16123
Rizzo, G., Migliore, G., Schifani, G., & Vecchio, R. (2024). Key factors influencing farmers’ adoption of sustainable innovations: a systematic literature review and research agenda. Organic Agriculture, 214(1), 57–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-023-00440-7.
Romero, M. H., Gallego-Polania, S. A., & Sánchez, J. A. (2025). Natural Savannah Systems Within the "One Welfare" Approach: Part 1-Good Farmers' Perspectives, Environmental Challenges and Opportunities. Animals (Basel), 15(5), 677. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15050677.
Silva-Parra, A. (2018). Modelación de los stocks de carbono del suelo y las emisiones de dióxido de carbono (GEI) en sistemas productivos de la Altillanura Plana. Orinoquia, 2018, 22(2), 158-171. https://doi.org/10.22579/20112629.525
Tengö, M., Brondizio, E. S., Elmqvist, T., Marja, S., & Pelnillar, M. (2014). Connecting Diverse Knowledge Systems for Enhanced Ecosystem Governance: The Multiple Evidence Base Approach. AMBIO, 43, 579–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0501-3.
Tittonell, P. (2014). Ecological intensification – sustainable by nature. Current opinion environmental sustainability, 8, 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2014.08.006
Woroniecki, S., Wamsler, C., & Boyd, E. (2019). The promises and pitfalls of ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change as a vehicle for social empowerment. Ecology and Society, 224. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10854-240204.
Zuluaga, A., Etter, A., Nepstad, D., Chará, J., Stickler, C., & Warren, W. (2021). Colombia’s pathway to a more sustainable cattle sector: a spatial multi-criteria analysis. Land Use Policy, 109, 105596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105596

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[1] Abreu, R. C., Hoffmann, W. A., Vasconcelos, H. L., Pilon, N. A., Rossatto, D. R., & Durigan, G. (2017). The biodiversity cost of carbon sequestration in tropical savanna. Science Advance, 3, e1701284. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701284

[2] ALCALDIA DE PUERTO GAITÁN (2018). Monografía de Puerto Gaitán. Recuperado el 23 de junio de 2024, de Puerto Gaitán y sus Origenes. https://www.puertogaitan meta.gov.co/historia-316684/puerto-gaitan-y-sus-origenes

[3] Altieri, M. A. (2009). Agroecology, small farms and food sovereignity. Monthly Review, 61(3), 102-111. https://monthlyreview.org/articles/agroecology-small-farms-and-food-sovereignty/

[4] Altieri, M. A., & Toledo, V. M. (2011). The agroecological revolution of Latin America: Rescuing nature, securing food sovereignity and empowering peasants. Journal of Peasant Studies, 38(3), 587-612. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2011.582947

[5] Antwi-Agyei, P., Abalo, E. M., Dougill, A. J., & Baffour-Ata, F. (2021). Motivations, Enablers and Barriers to the Adoption of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices by Smallholder Farmers: Evidence from the Transitional and Savannah Agroecological Zones of Ghana. Regional Sustainability, 2, 375–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsus.2022.01.005.

[6] Babilonia Ballesteros, R. I. (2014). Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Rural Sustentable y la Soberanía Alimentaria (CEDRSSA). Estudios e investigaciones: nueva ruralidad; enfoques y propuestas para América Latina. Cuadernos de Geografía: Revista Colombiana de Geografía, 23(1), 189-193. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2818/281829103006.pdf

[7] BANCO DE LA REPÚBLICA. (2022). Pueblos de doctrina jesuita en los Llanos, siglos XVII-XVIII. Obtenido de https://www.banrepcultural.org/biblioteca-virtual/credencial-historia/numero-354/pueblos-de-doctrina-jesuita-en-los-llanos

[8] Banos-Gonzalez, I., Martínez-Fernández, J., Esteve-Selma, M. Á., & Esteve-Guirao, P. (2018). Sensitivity analysis in socioecological models as a tool in environmental policy for sustainability. Sustainability, 10(8), 2928.

[9] https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082928

[10] Bernardino, P. N., Dantas, V. L., Hirota, M., Pausas, J. G., & Oliveira, R. S. (2022). Savanna–Forest coexistence across a fire gradient. Ecosystems, 25, 279–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-021-00654-4

[11] Berrouet, L. M., Machado, J., & Villegas-Palacio, C. (2018). Vulnerability of socio-ecological systems: A conceptual framework. Ecological Indicators, 84, 632-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.07.051

[12] Bommarco, R., Kleijn, D., & Potts, S. G. (2013). Ecological intensification: harnessing ecosystem services for food security. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 28, 230-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.012

[13] Cabrera-Becerra, G. (2021). Las relaciones entre misioneros en la zona fronteriza del Vaupés Colombo-Brasileño (1914 - 1982). Franciscanum. Revista de las Ciencias del Espíritu, 63(175). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9772-7542

[14] Calle Collado, Á., Vara Sánchez, I., & Cuéllar, M. (2006). La transición social agroecológica. 2006. Barcelona, España: Icaria. https://base.socioeco.org/docs/la_transicion_social_agroecologica.pdf

[15] Carriazo, F., Labarta, R., & Escobedo, F. J. (2020), Incentivizing sustainable rangeland practices and policies in Colombia’s Orinoco region. Land Use Policy, 95, 104203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104203

[16] CENTRO DE INVESTICACIÓN LA PALMITA (2022). Hacienda Caribabare, vida y leyenda para la conservación en Tame - Arauca. Obtenido de https://www.lapalmita.com.co/single-post/hacienda-caribabare-vida-y-leyenda-para-la-conservaci%C3%B3n

[17] Cevallos-Suarez, M., Uraneta-Ortega, F., & Jaimes, E. (2019). Desarrollo de sistemas de producción agroecológica: Dimensiones e indicadores para su estudio. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), 25(3), 172-185. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/280/28060161012/

[18] Cleves, J. A., Toro, J., Martinez, L. F, and León, T. (2017). La Estructura Agroecológica Principal (EAP): novedosa herramienta para planeación del uso de la tierra en agroecosistemas. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, 11, 441–49. https://doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2017v11i2.7350

[19] Corning, P. A. (2021). Systems theory and the role of synergy in the evolution of living systems. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 31(2), 181-196. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2191

[20] Chimi, P. M., Mala, W. A., Tchonang Djoumbi, B. L. et al. (2025). Indigenous agroecological knowledge and practices for climate change adaptation in the forest-savanna transition zone at Batchenga in the Centre Region of Cameroon. Discover Environment, (3)16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44274-025-00192-z

[21] De Berríos, O. G., & Briceño De Gómez, M. I. (2009). Enfoques epistemológicos que orientan la investigación de 4to. nivel. Visión Gerencial, 47-54. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4655/465545882009.pdf

[22] Delgado-Huertas, H., Rangel, J. A., & Silva-Parra, A. (2018). Caracterización de la fertilidad química de los suelos en sistemas productivos de la altillanura plana, Meta, Colombia. Luna Azul, 46, 54–69. https://doi.org/10.17151/luaz.2018.46.5

[23] Dooley, K E., & Grady Roberts, T. (2020). Agricultural education and extension curriculum innovation: the nexus of climate change, food security, and community resilience. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 26(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2019.1703507.

[24] DNP. (2018). Lejanías. Terridata fichas y tableros. Colombia. Obtenido de https://terridata.blob.core.windows.net/fichas/Ficha_50400.pdf

[25] DNP. (2018b). Puerto Gaitán. Fichas y Tablero. Recuperado el 23 de junio de 2024, de Terridata. Fichas y Tableros.: https://terridata.blob.core.windows.net/fichas/Ficha_50568.pdf

[26] Dumont, A. M., Vanloqueren, G., Stassart, P. M., & Baret, P. V. (2016). Clarifying the socioeconomic dimensions of agroecology: between principles and practices. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 40(1), 24-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2015.1089967

[27] FAO (2010). Situación mundial de la agroecología. Discurso del director general de la FAO en la ceremonia celebrada en la sede de la FAO en ocasión del día mundial de la alimentación de 2010. Disponible en http://www.fao.org/spanish/dg/2010/

[28] Giraldo, O. F. (2015). Agroecología y complejidad. Acoplamiento de la técnica a la organización ecosistémica. Ciencias sociales: desafíos y perspectivas, 41. http://journals.openedition.org/polis/11045

[29] González-Orozco, C. E., Diaz-Giraldo, R. A., & Rodríguez-Castañeda, C. (2023). An early warning for better planning of agricultural expansion and biodiversity conservation in the Orinoco high plains of Colombia. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7, 1192054. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1192054

[30] Grace, J., José, J. S., Meir, P., Miranda, H. S., & Montes, R. A. (2006). Productivity and Carbon Fluxes of Tropical Savannas. Journal of Biogeography, 33, 387–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01448.x.

[31] Guodaar, L, Bardsley, D. K., & Suh, J. (2021). Integrating local perceptions with scientific evidence to understand climate change variability in northern Ghana: a mixed-methods approach. Applied Geography, 130, 102440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2021.102440

[32] Huertas Herrera, A. H., Baptiste Ballera, B. L. G., Toro-Manríquez, M. D. R., Lencinas, M. V., Martínez Pastur, G. J., & Huertas Ramírez, H. (2021). Changes in vegetation of flooded savannas subject to cattle grazing and fire in plains of Colombia. Land, 10, 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10020108

[33] IGAC (2020). Consulta clases agrológicas. Obtenido de Colombia en Mapas: https://www.colombiaenmapas.gov.co/#

[34] IGAC (2021). Consulta catastral. Recuperado el 23 de Junio de 2024, de Colombia en Mapas: https://www.colombiaenmapas.gov.co/#

[35] Landini, F. (2011). Racionalidad económica campesina. Mundo Agrario, 12(23), 21-45. https://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/art_revistas/pr.5045/pr.5045.pdf

[36] Orozco-Hueje, D., Barreto-Rojas, D., Trujillo-González, J. M., Silva-Parra, A., Serrano-Gómez, M., Castillo-Monroy, E., & Torres-Mora, M. (2022). Sumideros naturales de carbono: un estudio de caso en morichales de la altillanura colombiana. Revista De Investigación Agraria Y Ambiental, 14(1), 178-199. https://doi.org/10.22490/21456453.5531

[37] Rangel-Mendoza, J. A., & Silva-Parra, A. (2020). Agroforestry systems of Theobroma cacao L. affects soil and leaf litter quality. Colombia Forestal, 23(2), 75-88. https://doi.org/10.14483/2256201x.16123

[38] Rizzo, G., Migliore, G., Schifani, G., & Vecchio, R. (2024). Key factors influencing farmers’ adoption of sustainable innovations: a systematic literature review and research agenda. Organic Agriculture, 214(1), 57–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-023-00440-7.

[39] Romero, M. H., Gallego-Polania, S. A., & Sánchez, J. A. (2025). Natural Savannah Systems Within the "One Welfare" Approach: Part 1-Good Farmers' Perspectives, Environmental Challenges and Opportunities. Animals (Basel), 15(5), 677. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15050677.

[40] Silva-Parra, A. (2018). Modelación de los stocks de carbono del suelo y las emisiones de dióxido de carbono (GEI) en sistemas productivos de la Altillanura Plana. Orinoquia, 2018, 22(2), 158-171. https://doi.org/10.22579/20112629.525

[41] Tengö, M., Brondizio, E. S., Elmqvist, T., Marja, S., & Pelnillar, M. (2014). Connecting Diverse Knowledge Systems for Enhanced Ecosystem Governance: The Multiple Evidence Base Approach. AMBIO, 43, 579–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0501-3.

[42] Tittonell, P. (2014). Ecological intensification – sustainable by nature. Current opinion environmental sustainability, 8, 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2014.08.006

[43] Woroniecki, S., Wamsler, C., & Boyd, E. (2019). The promises and pitfalls of ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change as a vehicle for social empowerment. Ecology and Society, 224. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10854-240204.

[44] Zuluaga, A., Etter, A., Nepstad, D., Chará, J., Stickler, C., & Warren, W. (2021). Colombia’s pathway to a more sustainable cattle sector: a spatial multi-criteria analysis. Land Use Policy, 109, 105596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105596

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