La  frecuencia del uso del spanglish en dos segmentos de la sociedad panameña

Yidis Yalineth Flores Dávila; Lucy Cristina  Chau Colley; Alejandro Vicente Bernal Recuero

doi:10.48204/j.orbis.v10n1.a7904

Submitted August 7, 2025

Published 2026-01-26

Artículos

Vol. 10 No. 1 (10): Revista Científica Orbis Cognita

The frequency of Spanglish use in two segments of Panamanian society

Yidis Yalineth Flores Dávila⁺⁻
Lucy Cristina Chau Colley⁺⁻
Alejandro Vicente Bernal Recuero⁺⁻

DOI https://doi.org/10.48204/j.orbis.v10n1.a7904

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DOI: 10.48204/j.orbis.v10n1.a7904

Published: 2026-01-26

How to Cite

Flores Dávila, Y. Y., Chau Colley, L. C., & Bernal Recuero, A. V. (2026). The frequency of Spanglish use in two segments of Panamanian society. Revista Científica Orbis Cógnita, 10(1), 178–201. https://doi.org/10.48204/j.orbis.v10n1.a7904

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Abstract

This research study aims to describe the impact of Spanglish in Panama and measure the frequency of its use between the high-class and low-class society in the country. This research will use fundamental principles and major theoretical tenets of a mixed-methods research design, which involves quantitative and qualitative data collection in response to research questions. The study’s research questions are the following: “What is the impact of Spanglish in Panama describing its linguistic characteristics, sociocultural implications, and effects on language identity and attitudes?” and “How frequent is the use of Spanglish between the High Class and Low Class in Panamanian Society?” The findings could show that high-class individuals use Spanglish extensively for communication and display a higher social status, often due to English immersion whereas low-class participants recognize Spanglish as informal communication. The analysis of this research study might yield that the use of Spanglish has become more prevalent in Panamanian society albeit in uneven proportions among social classes.

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References

Androutsopoulos, J. (2007). Bilingualism in the Mass Media and on the Internet. In: Heller, M. (eds) Bilingualism: A Social Approach. Palgrave Advances in Linguistics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230596047_10
Carroll, J. B. (1968). The psychology of language testing. In A. Davies (Ed.), Language testing symposium: A psycholinguistic approach (pp. 46-69). London: OxfordUniversity Press.
Chávez, N. (1994). Introduction to educational Research.Maracaibo.
Cecchini, C, R. Holz & A. Rodríguez Mojica, “La matriz de la desigualdad social en Panamá”, serie Políticas Sociales, # 236 (LC/TS.2020/121), Santiago, Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), 2020.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Method Approaches (4th Ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
Hernandez, R. & Mendoza, Ch. (2018). Research methodology: routes quantitative, qualitative, and mixed. Mexico: McGraw Hill Education.
Lipski, J. (2004). A New Perspective on Spanglish. Spanish in the United States: Linguistic Contact and Diversity.
Lipski, J. M. (2008). Varieties of Spanish in the United States:
https://doi.org/10.1353/book13059
Morgan, D. L. (1996). Focus groups. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 129–152.
Mernaugh, (2017). Defining Spanglish: A Linguistic Categorization of Spanish-English Code- Switching in the United States. In Digital Commons-Honor Projects-Seattle Pacific Library. Seattle Pacific University.
Nash, R. (1970). Spanglish: language contact in Puerto Rico. American Speech, 45(3/4), 223. https://doi.org/10.2307/454837
Otheguy, R., & Stern, N. (2010). On so-called Spanglish. International Journal of Bilingualism, 15(1), 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006910379298
Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPAÑOL: toward a typology of code-switching1. Linguistics, 18(7-8). https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1980.18.7-8.581
Potowski, K. (2008). Language and Identity in Bilingual Communities.
Riduwan, (2013) Measurement Scale of Research Variables (Bandung: Alfabeta).
Ross, D. A., & Vaughan, J. P. (1986). Health Interview Surveys in Developing Countries: A Methodological Review. Studies in Family Planning, 17(2), 78-94.
Sabino, C. (1992). The Research Process. Ed. Panapo, Caracas, 216 pages. Also published by Ed.
Panamericana.
Semenova, M. (2022). Spanglish ecolinguistic environment as a means of sustainable development. E3S Web Of Conferences, 363, 04033. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236304033
Stavans, I. (2003). Spanglish: The making of a new American language. New York: Harper Collins Publisher.
Toribio, A. J. (2002). Spanish English code-switching among US Latinos. International Journal Of The Sociology Of Language, 2002(158). https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2002.053
Tsiplakides, I.(2018). Shadow Education and Social Class Inequalities in Secondary Education in Greece: The Case of Teaching English as a Foreign Language, International Journal of Sociology of Education,7(1),71-93. doi 10.17583/rise.2018.2987
Zentella, A. C. (1997). Growing Up Bilingual: Puerto Rican children in New York. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA30469460

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[1] Androutsopoulos, J. (2007). Bilingualism in the Mass Media and on the Internet. In: Heller, M. (eds) Bilingualism: A Social Approach. Palgrave Advances in Linguistics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230596047_10

[2] Carroll, J. B. (1968). The psychology of language testing. In A. Davies (Ed.), Language testing symposium: A psycholinguistic approach (pp. 46-69). London: OxfordUniversity Press.

[3] Chávez, N. (1994). Introduction to educational Research.Maracaibo.

[4] Cecchini, C, R. Holz & A. Rodríguez Mojica, “La matriz de la desigualdad social en Panamá”, serie Políticas Sociales, # 236 (LC/TS.2020/121), Santiago, Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), 2020.

[5] Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Method Approaches (4th Ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.

[6] Hernandez, R. & Mendoza, Ch. (2018). Research methodology: routes quantitative, qualitative, and mixed. Mexico: McGraw Hill Education.

[7] Lipski, J. (2004). A New Perspective on Spanglish. Spanish in the United States: Linguistic Contact and Diversity.

[8] Lipski, J. M. (2008). Varieties of Spanish in the United States:

[9] https://doi.org/10.1353/book13059

[10] Morgan, D. L. (1996). Focus groups. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 129–152.

[11] Mernaugh, (2017). Defining Spanglish: A Linguistic Categorization of Spanish-English Code- Switching in the United States. In Digital Commons-Honor Projects-Seattle Pacific Library. Seattle Pacific University.

[12] Nash, R. (1970). Spanglish: language contact in Puerto Rico. American Speech, 45(3/4), 223. https://doi.org/10.2307/454837

[13] Otheguy, R., & Stern, N. (2010). On so-called Spanglish. International Journal of Bilingualism, 15(1), 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006910379298

[14] Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPAÑOL: toward a typology of code-switching1. Linguistics, 18(7-8). https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1980.18.7-8.581

[15] Potowski, K. (2008). Language and Identity in Bilingual Communities.

[16] Riduwan, (2013) Measurement Scale of Research Variables (Bandung: Alfabeta).

[17] Ross, D. A., & Vaughan, J. P. (1986). Health Interview Surveys in Developing Countries: A Methodological Review. Studies in Family Planning, 17(2), 78-94.

[18] Sabino, C. (1992). The Research Process. Ed. Panapo, Caracas, 216 pages. Also published by Ed.

[19] Panamericana.

[20] Semenova, M. (2022). Spanglish ecolinguistic environment as a means of sustainable development. E3S Web Of Conferences, 363, 04033. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236304033

[21] Stavans, I. (2003). Spanglish: The making of a new American language. New York: Harper Collins Publisher.

[22] Toribio, A. J. (2002). Spanish English code-switching among US Latinos. International Journal Of The Sociology Of Language, 2002(158). https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2002.053

[23] Tsiplakides, I.(2018). Shadow Education and Social Class Inequalities in Secondary Education in Greece: The Case of Teaching English as a Foreign Language, International Journal of Sociology of Education,7(1),71-93. doi 10.17583/rise.2018.2987

[24] Zentella, A. C. (1997). Growing Up Bilingual: Puerto Rican children in New York. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA30469460

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