The inadequate management of municipal solid waste poses a critical threat to public health and the environment, particularly in vulnerable communities. This study examines the socio-environmental impacts of the open-air landfill in the district of Pese, Herrera Province, Panama. Using a quantitative approach, surveys were conducted with residents, and the Environmental Risk Assessment Guide (CONAM) was applied. Results reveal high exposure levels to pollutants from frequent waste burning, respiratory issues, vector proliferation, and poor institutional oversight. About 98% of respondents believe the landfill poses a risk to health and the environment, and 100% support its closure or relocation. The site was technically classified as high risk, warranting immediate closure. The findings underscore the urgent need for intervention and a transition toward a more sustainable and equitable waste management system.
