Estudios, detección y problemática de Toxoplasma Gondii en cerdos

Edy Frías

doi:10.48204/synergia.v3n1.5092

Submitted May 15, 2024

Published 2024-05-16

Artículos

Vol. 3 No. 1 (2024): Synergía

Studies, detection and problems of Toxoplasma Gondii in pigs

Edy Frías ⁺⁻

DOI https://doi.org/10.48204/synergia.v3n1.5092

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DOI: 10.48204/synergia.v3n1.5092

Published: 2024-05-16

How to Cite

Frías , E. (2024). Studies, detection and problems of Toxoplasma Gondii in pigs. Synergía, 3(1), 291–303. https://doi.org/10.48204/synergia.v3n1.5092

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Abstract

Toxoplasmosis, caused by the obligate intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, is a zoonosis of medical and veterinary importance worldwide. This disease is contracted primarily by eating raw or undercooked meat containing viable tissue cysts, contaminated food or water. The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis has improved thanks to new molecular technologies to amplify the nucleic acids of the parasite. Among these, molecular techniques based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been useful for the genetic characterization of T. gondii. Polymorphism-based serotyping methods have the potential to become the choice for typing T. gondii in humans and animals. Three bibliographic databases, including PubMed Central (PMC), Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched for articles published up to 2020. This short review explores what has been observed and studied about the Toxoplasma parasite from the perspective of animal and human health.

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References

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R., de Cesare, A., Herman, L., Hilbert, F., Lindqvist, R., Nauta, M., Peixe, L., Ru, G., Simmons,
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[1] Almeria, S. & Dubey, J. P. (2021) ‘Foodborne transmission of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the last

[2] decade. An overview’, Research in Veterinary Science, 135(March), pp. 371–385. doi:

[3] 1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.019.

[4] Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Murata, F. H. A., Verma, S. K., Kwok, O. C. H., Rani, S., Fredericks, J., Adams,

[5] B., Jones, J. L., Wiegand, R. E., Ying, Y., Guo, M., Su, C., Pradhan, A. K. (2020f). ‘Low

[6] prevalence of viable Toxoplasma gondii in fresh, unfrozen, American pasture-raised pork and

[7] lamb from retail meat stores in the United States’, Food Control, 109, p. 106961. doi:

[8] 1016/j.foodcont.2019.106961

[9] Correa, R., Cedeño, I., de Escobar, C., & Fuentes, I. (2008). Increased urban seroprevalence of

[10] Toxoplasma gondii infecting swine in Panama. Veterinary Parasitology, 153(1–2), 9–11.

[11] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.017

[12] Dubey, J. P. (2009). Toxoplasmosis in pigs-The last 20 years. Veterinary Parasitology, 164(2– 4),

[13] –103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.05.018

[14] Dubey, J. P., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Murata, F. H. A., Kwok, O. C. H., Hill, D., Yang, Y., Su, C. (2020a)

[15] ‘All about Toxoplasma gondii infections in pigs: 2009–2020’, Veterinary Parasitology, 288,

[16] pp. 109–185. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109185.

[17] Dubey, J. P., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Murata, F. H. A., Kwok, O. C. H., Yang, Y. R., Su, C. (2020b) ‘All

[18] about toxoplasmosis in cats: the last decade’, Veterinary Parasitology, 283(March), pp. 109–

[19] doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109145.

[20] Dubey, J. P., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Murata, F. H. A., Verma, S. K., Kwok, O. C. H., Pedersen, K.,

[21] Rosenthal, B. M., Su, C. (2020d) ‘Genotyping of viable Toxoplasma gondii from the first

[22] national survey of feral swine revealed evidence for sylvatic transmission cycle, and presence

[23] of highly virulent parasite genotypes’, Parasitology, 147(3), pp. 295–302. doi:

[24] }10.1017/S0031182019001586.

[25] Dubey, J. P., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Murata, F. H. A., Verma, S. K., Kwok, O. C. H., Pedersen, K.,

[26] Rosenthal, B. M., Su, C. (2020i) ‘White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are a reservoir of

[27] a diversity of Toxoplasma gondii strains in the USA and pose a risk to consumers of undercooked venison’, Parasitology, 147(7), pp. 775–781. doi: 10.1017/S0031182020000451Dubey, J. P., Hill, D., Fournet, V., Hawkins-Cooper, D.,

[28] Dubey, J. P., Murata, F. H. A., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Kwok, O. C. H., Su, C. (2020e) ‘Economic and

[29] public health importance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in sheep: 2009– 2020’, Veterinary

[30] Parasitology, 286(July), p. 109195. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109195.

[31] Dubey, J. P., Murata, F. H. A., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Kwok, O. C. H. (2020g) ‘Public health and

[32] economic importance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in goats: The last decade’, Research in

[33] Veterinary Science, 132, pp. 292–307. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.06.014.

[34] Dubey, J. P., Murata, F. H. A., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Kwok, O. C. H. (2020h) ‘Toxoplasma gondii

[35] infections in horses, donkeys, and other equids: The last decade’, Research in Veterinary

[36] Science, 132(July), pp. 492–499. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.07.005.

[37] Dubey, J. P., Pena, H. F. J., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Murata, F. H. A., Kwok, O. C. H., Yang, Y. R.,

[38] Gennari, S. M., Su, C. (2020c) ‘Epidemiologic significance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in

[39] chickens (Gallus domesticus): The past decade’, Parasitology, 147(12), pp. 1263–1289. doi:

[40] 1017/S0031182020001134.

[41] Duong, H. D., Appiah-Kwarteng, C., Takashima, Y., Aye, K. M., Nagayasu, E., Yoshida, A. (2020) ‘A

[42] novel luciferase-linked antibody capture assay (LACA) for the diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii

[43] infection in chickens’, Parasitology International, 77(March), p. 102125. doi:

[44] 1016/j.parint.2020.102125

[45] Fabian, B. T., Hedar, F., Koethe, M., Bangoura, B., Maksimov, P., Conraths, F. J., Villena, I., Aubert,

[46] D., Seeber, F., Schares, G. (2020) ‘Fluorescent bead-based serological detection of

[47] Toxoplasma gondii infection in chickens’, Parasites and Vectors, 13(1), p. 388. doi:

[48] 1186/s13071-020-04244-6.

[49] Guo, M., Dubey, J. P., Hill, D., Buchanan, R. L., Gamble, H. R., Jones, J. L., Pradhan, A. K. (2015)

[50] ‘Prevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat animals and meat

[51] products destined for human consumption’, Journal of Food Protection, 78(2), pp. 457–476.

[52] doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-14-328.

[53] Hill, D. E., Coss, C., Dubey, J. P., Wroblewski, K., Sautter, M., Hosten, T., Muñoz-Zanzi, C., Mui, E.,

[54] Withers, S., Boyer, K., Hermes, G., Coyne, J., Jagdis, F., Burnett, A., McLeod, P., Morton, H.,

[55] Robinson, D., McLeod, R. (2011) ‘Identification of a Sporozoite-Specific Antigen from

[56] Toxoplasma gondii’, Journal of Parasitology, 97(2), pp. 328–337. doi: 10.1645/GE2782.1.

[57] Kijlstra, A., & Jongert, E. (2008). Control of the risk of human toxoplasmosis transmitted by meat.

[58] International Journal for Parasitology, 38(12), 1359–1370.

[59] Koutsoumanis, K., Allende, A., Alvarez-Ordóñez, A., Bolton, D., Bover-Cid, S., Chemaly, M., Davies,

[60] R., de Cesare, A., Herman, L., Hilbert, F., Lindqvist, R., Nauta, M., Peixe, L., Ru, G., Simmons,

[61] M., Skandamis, P., Suffredini, E., Cacciò, S., Chalmers, R., Deplazes, P., Devleesschauwer, B., Innes, E., Romig, T., van der Giessen, J., Hempen, M., van der Stede, Y., Robertson, L. (2018) ‘Public health risks associated with food-borne parasites’, EFSA Journal, 16(12). doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5495.

[62] Koutsoumanis, K., Allende, A., Alvarez-Ordóñez, A., Bolton, D., Bover-Cid, S., Chemaly, M., Davies,

[63] R., de Cesare, A., Herman, L., Hilbert, F., Lindqvist, R., Nauta, M., Peixe, L., Ru, G., Simmons,

[64] M., Skandamis, P., Suffredini, E., Cacciò, S., Chalmers, R., Deplazes, P., Devleesschauwer, B.,

[65] Innes, E., Romig, T., van der Giessen, J., Hempen, M., van der Stede, Y., Robertson, L. (2018)

[66] ‘Public health risks associated with food-borne parasites’, EFSA Journal, 16(12). doi:

[67] 2903/j.efsa.2018.5495.

[68] Liu, Q., Singla, L. Das, & Zhou, H. (2012). Vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii: status, challenges

[69] and future directions. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 8(9), 1305– 1308.

[70] https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.21006

[71] Loreck, K., Mitrenga, S., Heinze, R., Ehricht, R., Engemann, C., Lueken, C., Ploetz, M., Greiner, M.,

[72] Meemken, D. (2020) ‘Use of meat juice and blood serum with a miniaturised protein

[73] microarray assay to develop a multi-parameter IgG screening test with high sample

[74] throughput potential for slaughtering pigs’, BMC Veterinary Research, 16(1), p. 106. doi:

[75] 1186/s12917-020-02308-4.

[76] Milne, G., Webster, J. P., Walker, M. (2020a) ‘Toward Improving Interventions Against

[77] Toxoplasmosis by Identifying Routes of Transmission Using Sporozoite-specific Serological

[78] Tools’, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(10), pp. e686–e693. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa428.

[79] Mose, J. M., Kagira, J. M., Kamau, D. M., Maina, N. W., Ngotho, M., & Karanja, S. M. (2020). A

[80] Review on the Present Advances on Studies of Toxoplasmosis in Eastern Africa. BioMed

[81] Research International, 2020, 7135268. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7135268

[82] Ogendi, E., Maina, N., Kagira, J., Ngotho, M., Mbugua, G., & Karanja, S. (2013). Questionnaire survey

[83] on the occurrence of risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection amongst farmers in Thika

[84] District, Kenya. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 84(1), E1-6.

[85] https://doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v84i1.191

[86] Opsteegh, M., Kortbeek, T. M., Havelaar, A. H., & van der Giessen, J. W. B. (2015). Intervention

[87] strategies to reduce human Toxoplasma gondii disease burden. Clinical Infectious Diseases,

[88] (1), 101–107

[89] Opsteegh, M., Schares, G., Blaga, R., van der Giessen, J. (2016) ‘Experimental studies on Toxoplasma

[90] gondii in the main livestock species (GP/EFSA/BIOHAZ/2013/01) Final report’, EFSA

[91] Supporting Publications, 13(2). doi: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.EN-995.

[92] Opsteegh, M., Spano, F., Aubert, D., Balea, A., Burrells, A., Cherchi, S., Cornelissen, J. B. W. J., Dam-

[93] Deisz, C., Guitian, J., Györke, A., Innes, E. A., Katzer, F., Limon, G., Possenti, A., Pozio, E.,

[94] Schares, G., Villena, I., Wisselink, H. J., van der Giessen, J. W. B. (2019) ‘The relationship

[95] between the presence of antibodies and direct detection of Toxoplasma gondii in slaughtered

[96] calves and cattle in four European countries’, International Journal for Parasitology, 49(7),

[97] pp. 515–522. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.01.005.

[98] Rostami, A., Riahi, S. M., Gamble, H. R., Fakhri, Y., Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M., Danesh, M.,

[99] Behniafar, H., Paktinat, S., Foroutan, M., Mokdad, A. H., Hotez, P. J., Gasser, R. B. (2020)

[100] ‘Global prevalence of latent toxoplasmosis in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-

[101] analysis’, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26(6), pp. 673–683. doi:

[102] 1016/j.cmi.2020.01.008.

[103] Rousseau, A., Escotte-Binet, S., La Carbona, S., Dumètre, A., Chagneau, S., Favennec, L., Kubina, S.,

[104] Dubey, J. P., Majou, D., Bigot-Clivot, A., Villena, I., Aubert, D. (2019) ‘Toxoplasma gondii

[105] Oocyst Infectivity Assessed Using a Sporocyst-Based Cell Culture Assay Combined with

[106] Quantitative PCR for Environmental Applications’, Applied and Environmental Microbiology,

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