Estudios, detección y problemática de Toxoplasma Gondii en cerdos

Edy Frías

doi:10.48204/synergia.v3n1.5092

Enviado Maio 15, 2024

Publicado 2024-05-16

Artículos

Vol. 3 N.º 1 (2024): Synergía

Estudios, detección y problemática de Toxoplasma Gondii en cerdos

Edy Frías ⁺⁻

DOI https://doi.org/10.48204/synergia.v3n1.5092

PDF (Español (España))

Referências

DOI: 10.48204/synergia.v3n1.5092

Publicado: 2024-05-16

Como Citar

Frías , E. (2024). Estudios, detección y problemática de Toxoplasma Gondii en cerdos. Synergía, 3(1), 291–303. https://doi.org/10.48204/synergia.v3n1.5092

Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 4.0.

Resumo

La toxoplasmosis, causada por el protozoo intracelular obligado Toxoplasma gondii, es una zoonosis de importancia médica y veterinaria a nivel mundial. Esta enfermedad se contrae principalmente al ingerir carne cruda o poco cocida que contiene quistes tisulares viables, alimentos o agua contaminados. El diagnóstico de la toxoplasmosis ha mejorado gracias a las nuevas tecnologías moleculares para amplificar los ácidos nucleicos del parásito. Entre estos, las técnicas moleculares basadas en la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) han sido útiles para la caracterización genética de T. gondii. Los métodos de serotipificación basados en polimorfismos tienen el potencial de convertirse en la elección para tipificar T. gondii en humanos y animales. Se realizaron búsquedas de artículos publicados hasta 2020 en tres bases de datos bibliográficas, incluidas PubMed Central (PMC), Scopus y Google Scholar. Esta revisión bibliográfica explora lo observado y estudiado sobre el parásito Toxoplasma desde la perspectiva de salud animal y humana.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

Almeria, S. & Dubey, J. P. (2021) ‘Foodborne transmission of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the last
decade. An overview’, Research in Veterinary Science, 135(March), pp. 371–385. doi:
1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.019.
Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Murata, F. H. A., Verma, S. K., Kwok, O. C. H., Rani, S., Fredericks, J., Adams,
B., Jones, J. L., Wiegand, R. E., Ying, Y., Guo, M., Su, C., Pradhan, A. K. (2020f). ‘Low
prevalence of viable Toxoplasma gondii in fresh, unfrozen, American pasture-raised pork and
lamb from retail meat stores in the United States’, Food Control, 109, p. 106961. doi:
1016/j.foodcont.2019.106961
Correa, R., Cedeño, I., de Escobar, C., & Fuentes, I. (2008). Increased urban seroprevalence of
Toxoplasma gondii infecting swine in Panama. Veterinary Parasitology, 153(1–2), 9–11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.017
Dubey, J. P. (2009). Toxoplasmosis in pigs-The last 20 years. Veterinary Parasitology, 164(2– 4),
–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.05.018
Dubey, J. P., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Murata, F. H. A., Kwok, O. C. H., Hill, D., Yang, Y., Su, C. (2020a)
‘All about Toxoplasma gondii infections in pigs: 2009–2020’, Veterinary Parasitology, 288,
pp. 109–185. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109185.
Dubey, J. P., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Murata, F. H. A., Kwok, O. C. H., Yang, Y. R., Su, C. (2020b) ‘All
about toxoplasmosis in cats: the last decade’, Veterinary Parasitology, 283(March), pp. 109–
doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109145.
Dubey, J. P., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Murata, F. H. A., Verma, S. K., Kwok, O. C. H., Pedersen, K.,
Rosenthal, B. M., Su, C. (2020d) ‘Genotyping of viable Toxoplasma gondii from the first
national survey of feral swine revealed evidence for sylvatic transmission cycle, and presence
of highly virulent parasite genotypes’, Parasitology, 147(3), pp. 295–302. doi:
}10.1017/S0031182019001586.
Dubey, J. P., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Murata, F. H. A., Verma, S. K., Kwok, O. C. H., Pedersen, K.,
Rosenthal, B. M., Su, C. (2020i) ‘White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are a reservoir of
a diversity of Toxoplasma gondii strains in the USA and pose a risk to consumers of undercooked venison’, Parasitology, 147(7), pp. 775–781. doi: 10.1017/S0031182020000451Dubey, J. P., Hill, D., Fournet, V., Hawkins-Cooper, D.,
Dubey, J. P., Murata, F. H. A., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Kwok, O. C. H., Su, C. (2020e) ‘Economic and
public health importance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in sheep: 2009– 2020’, Veterinary
Parasitology, 286(July), p. 109195. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109195.
Dubey, J. P., Murata, F. H. A., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Kwok, O. C. H. (2020g) ‘Public health and
economic importance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in goats: The last decade’, Research in
Veterinary Science, 132, pp. 292–307. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.06.014.
Dubey, J. P., Murata, F. H. A., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Kwok, O. C. H. (2020h) ‘Toxoplasma gondii
infections in horses, donkeys, and other equids: The last decade’, Research in Veterinary
Science, 132(July), pp. 492–499. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.07.005.
Dubey, J. P., Pena, H. F. J., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Murata, F. H. A., Kwok, O. C. H., Yang, Y. R.,
Gennari, S. M., Su, C. (2020c) ‘Epidemiologic significance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in
chickens (Gallus domesticus): The past decade’, Parasitology, 147(12), pp. 1263–1289. doi:
1017/S0031182020001134.
Duong, H. D., Appiah-Kwarteng, C., Takashima, Y., Aye, K. M., Nagayasu, E., Yoshida, A. (2020) ‘A
novel luciferase-linked antibody capture assay (LACA) for the diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii
infection in chickens’, Parasitology International, 77(March), p. 102125. doi:
1016/j.parint.2020.102125
Fabian, B. T., Hedar, F., Koethe, M., Bangoura, B., Maksimov, P., Conraths, F. J., Villena, I., Aubert,
D., Seeber, F., Schares, G. (2020) ‘Fluorescent bead-based serological detection of
Toxoplasma gondii infection in chickens’, Parasites and Vectors, 13(1), p. 388. doi:
1186/s13071-020-04244-6.
Guo, M., Dubey, J. P., Hill, D., Buchanan, R. L., Gamble, H. R., Jones, J. L., Pradhan, A. K. (2015)
‘Prevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat animals and meat
products destined for human consumption’, Journal of Food Protection, 78(2), pp. 457–476.
doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-14-328.
Hill, D. E., Coss, C., Dubey, J. P., Wroblewski, K., Sautter, M., Hosten, T., Muñoz-Zanzi, C., Mui, E.,
Withers, S., Boyer, K., Hermes, G., Coyne, J., Jagdis, F., Burnett, A., McLeod, P., Morton, H.,
Robinson, D., McLeod, R. (2011) ‘Identification of a Sporozoite-Specific Antigen from
Toxoplasma gondii’, Journal of Parasitology, 97(2), pp. 328–337. doi: 10.1645/GE2782.1.
Kijlstra, A., & Jongert, E. (2008). Control of the risk of human toxoplasmosis transmitted by meat.
International Journal for Parasitology, 38(12), 1359–1370.
Koutsoumanis, K., Allende, A., Alvarez-Ordóñez, A., Bolton, D., Bover-Cid, S., Chemaly, M., Davies,
R., de Cesare, A., Herman, L., Hilbert, F., Lindqvist, R., Nauta, M., Peixe, L., Ru, G., Simmons,
M., Skandamis, P., Suffredini, E., Cacciò, S., Chalmers, R., Deplazes, P., Devleesschauwer, B., Innes, E., Romig, T., van der Giessen, J., Hempen, M., van der Stede, Y., Robertson, L. (2018) ‘Public health risks associated with food-borne parasites’, EFSA Journal, 16(12). doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5495.
Koutsoumanis, K., Allende, A., Alvarez-Ordóñez, A., Bolton, D., Bover-Cid, S., Chemaly, M., Davies,
R., de Cesare, A., Herman, L., Hilbert, F., Lindqvist, R., Nauta, M., Peixe, L., Ru, G., Simmons,
M., Skandamis, P., Suffredini, E., Cacciò, S., Chalmers, R., Deplazes, P., Devleesschauwer, B.,
Innes, E., Romig, T., van der Giessen, J., Hempen, M., van der Stede, Y., Robertson, L. (2018)
‘Public health risks associated with food-borne parasites’, EFSA Journal, 16(12). doi:
2903/j.efsa.2018.5495.
Liu, Q., Singla, L. Das, & Zhou, H. (2012). Vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii: status, challenges
and future directions. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 8(9), 1305– 1308.
https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.21006
Loreck, K., Mitrenga, S., Heinze, R., Ehricht, R., Engemann, C., Lueken, C., Ploetz, M., Greiner, M.,
Meemken, D. (2020) ‘Use of meat juice and blood serum with a miniaturised protein
microarray assay to develop a multi-parameter IgG screening test with high sample
throughput potential for slaughtering pigs’, BMC Veterinary Research, 16(1), p. 106. doi:
1186/s12917-020-02308-4.
Milne, G., Webster, J. P., Walker, M. (2020a) ‘Toward Improving Interventions Against
Toxoplasmosis by Identifying Routes of Transmission Using Sporozoite-specific Serological
Tools’, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(10), pp. e686–e693. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa428.
Mose, J. M., Kagira, J. M., Kamau, D. M., Maina, N. W., Ngotho, M., & Karanja, S. M. (2020). A
Review on the Present Advances on Studies of Toxoplasmosis in Eastern Africa. BioMed
Research International, 2020, 7135268. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7135268
Ogendi, E., Maina, N., Kagira, J., Ngotho, M., Mbugua, G., & Karanja, S. (2013). Questionnaire survey
on the occurrence of risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection amongst farmers in Thika
District, Kenya. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 84(1), E1-6.
https://doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v84i1.191
Opsteegh, M., Kortbeek, T. M., Havelaar, A. H., & van der Giessen, J. W. B. (2015). Intervention
strategies to reduce human Toxoplasma gondii disease burden. Clinical Infectious Diseases,
(1), 101–107
Opsteegh, M., Schares, G., Blaga, R., van der Giessen, J. (2016) ‘Experimental studies on Toxoplasma
gondii in the main livestock species (GP/EFSA/BIOHAZ/2013/01) Final report’, EFSA
Supporting Publications, 13(2). doi: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.EN-995.
Opsteegh, M., Spano, F., Aubert, D., Balea, A., Burrells, A., Cherchi, S., Cornelissen, J. B. W. J., Dam-
Deisz, C., Guitian, J., Györke, A., Innes, E. A., Katzer, F., Limon, G., Possenti, A., Pozio, E.,
Schares, G., Villena, I., Wisselink, H. J., van der Giessen, J. W. B. (2019) ‘The relationship
between the presence of antibodies and direct detection of Toxoplasma gondii in slaughtered
calves and cattle in four European countries’, International Journal for Parasitology, 49(7),
pp. 515–522. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.01.005.
Rostami, A., Riahi, S. M., Gamble, H. R., Fakhri, Y., Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M., Danesh, M.,
Behniafar, H., Paktinat, S., Foroutan, M., Mokdad, A. H., Hotez, P. J., Gasser, R. B. (2020)
‘Global prevalence of latent toxoplasmosis in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-
analysis’, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26(6), pp. 673–683. doi:
1016/j.cmi.2020.01.008.
Rousseau, A., Escotte-Binet, S., La Carbona, S., Dumètre, A., Chagneau, S., Favennec, L., Kubina, S.,
Dubey, J. P., Majou, D., Bigot-Clivot, A., Villena, I., Aubert, D. (2019) ‘Toxoplasma gondii
Oocyst Infectivity Assessed Using a Sporocyst-Based Cell Culture Assay Combined with
Quantitative PCR for Environmental Applications’, Applied and Environmental Microbiology,
(20). doi: 10.1128/AEM.01189-19.
Shapiro, K., Bahia-Oliveira, L., Dixon, B., Dumètre, A., de Wit, L. A., VanWormer, E., & Villena, I.
(2019). Environmental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii: Oocysts in water, soil and food.
Food and Waterborne Parasitology, 15, e00049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00049
Velázquez-Hernández, N., Avilés Ávila, A. Y., Rivas- González, M. A., Delgado-González, S. P.,
Alvarado- Félix, G. A., Alvarado-Félix, Á. O., Beristain-Garcia, I., & Alvarado-Esquivel, C.
(2019). Knowledge and practices regarding toxoplasmosis in housewives: a cross sectional
study in a northern Mexican city. PloS One, 14(9), e0222094.
Vogel, M., Schwarze-Zander, C., Wasmuth, J.-C., Spengler, U., Sauerbruch, T., & Rockstroh, J. K.
(2010). The treatment of patients with HIV. Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 107(28–29),
–515; quiz 516. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2010.0507

Palavras-chave

PDF (Español (España))

Resumen visto - 91 veces
PDF (Español (España)) descargado - 114

Licencia

Content Top

[1] Almeria, S. & Dubey, J. P. (2021) ‘Foodborne transmission of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the last

[2] decade. An overview’, Research in Veterinary Science, 135(March), pp. 371–385. doi:

[3] 1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.019.

[4] Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Murata, F. H. A., Verma, S. K., Kwok, O. C. H., Rani, S., Fredericks, J., Adams,

[5] B., Jones, J. L., Wiegand, R. E., Ying, Y., Guo, M., Su, C., Pradhan, A. K. (2020f). ‘Low

[6] prevalence of viable Toxoplasma gondii in fresh, unfrozen, American pasture-raised pork and

[7] lamb from retail meat stores in the United States’, Food Control, 109, p. 106961. doi:

[8] 1016/j.foodcont.2019.106961

[9] Correa, R., Cedeño, I., de Escobar, C., & Fuentes, I. (2008). Increased urban seroprevalence of

[10] Toxoplasma gondii infecting swine in Panama. Veterinary Parasitology, 153(1–2), 9–11.

[11] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.017

[12] Dubey, J. P. (2009). Toxoplasmosis in pigs-The last 20 years. Veterinary Parasitology, 164(2– 4),

[13] –103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.05.018

[14] Dubey, J. P., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Murata, F. H. A., Kwok, O. C. H., Hill, D., Yang, Y., Su, C. (2020a)

[15] ‘All about Toxoplasma gondii infections in pigs: 2009–2020’, Veterinary Parasitology, 288,

[16] pp. 109–185. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109185.

[17] Dubey, J. P., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Murata, F. H. A., Kwok, O. C. H., Yang, Y. R., Su, C. (2020b) ‘All

[18] about toxoplasmosis in cats: the last decade’, Veterinary Parasitology, 283(March), pp. 109–

[19] doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109145.

[20] Dubey, J. P., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Murata, F. H. A., Verma, S. K., Kwok, O. C. H., Pedersen, K.,

[21] Rosenthal, B. M., Su, C. (2020d) ‘Genotyping of viable Toxoplasma gondii from the first

[22] national survey of feral swine revealed evidence for sylvatic transmission cycle, and presence

[23] of highly virulent parasite genotypes’, Parasitology, 147(3), pp. 295–302. doi:

[24] }10.1017/S0031182019001586.

[25] Dubey, J. P., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Murata, F. H. A., Verma, S. K., Kwok, O. C. H., Pedersen, K.,

[26] Rosenthal, B. M., Su, C. (2020i) ‘White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are a reservoir of

[27] a diversity of Toxoplasma gondii strains in the USA and pose a risk to consumers of undercooked venison’, Parasitology, 147(7), pp. 775–781. doi: 10.1017/S0031182020000451Dubey, J. P., Hill, D., Fournet, V., Hawkins-Cooper, D.,

[28] Dubey, J. P., Murata, F. H. A., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Kwok, O. C. H., Su, C. (2020e) ‘Economic and

[29] public health importance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in sheep: 2009– 2020’, Veterinary

[30] Parasitology, 286(July), p. 109195. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109195.

[31] Dubey, J. P., Murata, F. H. A., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Kwok, O. C. H. (2020g) ‘Public health and

[32] economic importance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in goats: The last decade’, Research in

[33] Veterinary Science, 132, pp. 292–307. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.06.014.

[34] Dubey, J. P., Murata, F. H. A., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Kwok, O. C. H. (2020h) ‘Toxoplasma gondii

[35] infections in horses, donkeys, and other equids: The last decade’, Research in Veterinary

[36] Science, 132(July), pp. 492–499. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.07.005.

[37] Dubey, J. P., Pena, H. F. J., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Murata, F. H. A., Kwok, O. C. H., Yang, Y. R.,

[38] Gennari, S. M., Su, C. (2020c) ‘Epidemiologic significance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in

[39] chickens (Gallus domesticus): The past decade’, Parasitology, 147(12), pp. 1263–1289. doi:

[40] 1017/S0031182020001134.

[41] Duong, H. D., Appiah-Kwarteng, C., Takashima, Y., Aye, K. M., Nagayasu, E., Yoshida, A. (2020) ‘A

[42] novel luciferase-linked antibody capture assay (LACA) for the diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii

[43] infection in chickens’, Parasitology International, 77(March), p. 102125. doi:

[44] 1016/j.parint.2020.102125

[45] Fabian, B. T., Hedar, F., Koethe, M., Bangoura, B., Maksimov, P., Conraths, F. J., Villena, I., Aubert,

[46] D., Seeber, F., Schares, G. (2020) ‘Fluorescent bead-based serological detection of

[47] Toxoplasma gondii infection in chickens’, Parasites and Vectors, 13(1), p. 388. doi:

[48] 1186/s13071-020-04244-6.

[49] Guo, M., Dubey, J. P., Hill, D., Buchanan, R. L., Gamble, H. R., Jones, J. L., Pradhan, A. K. (2015)

[50] ‘Prevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat animals and meat

[51] products destined for human consumption’, Journal of Food Protection, 78(2), pp. 457–476.

[52] doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-14-328.

[53] Hill, D. E., Coss, C., Dubey, J. P., Wroblewski, K., Sautter, M., Hosten, T., Muñoz-Zanzi, C., Mui, E.,

[54] Withers, S., Boyer, K., Hermes, G., Coyne, J., Jagdis, F., Burnett, A., McLeod, P., Morton, H.,

[55] Robinson, D., McLeod, R. (2011) ‘Identification of a Sporozoite-Specific Antigen from

[56] Toxoplasma gondii’, Journal of Parasitology, 97(2), pp. 328–337. doi: 10.1645/GE2782.1.

[57] Kijlstra, A., & Jongert, E. (2008). Control of the risk of human toxoplasmosis transmitted by meat.

[58] International Journal for Parasitology, 38(12), 1359–1370.

[59] Koutsoumanis, K., Allende, A., Alvarez-Ordóñez, A., Bolton, D., Bover-Cid, S., Chemaly, M., Davies,

[60] R., de Cesare, A., Herman, L., Hilbert, F., Lindqvist, R., Nauta, M., Peixe, L., Ru, G., Simmons,

[61] M., Skandamis, P., Suffredini, E., Cacciò, S., Chalmers, R., Deplazes, P., Devleesschauwer, B., Innes, E., Romig, T., van der Giessen, J., Hempen, M., van der Stede, Y., Robertson, L. (2018) ‘Public health risks associated with food-borne parasites’, EFSA Journal, 16(12). doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5495.

[62] Koutsoumanis, K., Allende, A., Alvarez-Ordóñez, A., Bolton, D., Bover-Cid, S., Chemaly, M., Davies,

[63] R., de Cesare, A., Herman, L., Hilbert, F., Lindqvist, R., Nauta, M., Peixe, L., Ru, G., Simmons,

[64] M., Skandamis, P., Suffredini, E., Cacciò, S., Chalmers, R., Deplazes, P., Devleesschauwer, B.,

[65] Innes, E., Romig, T., van der Giessen, J., Hempen, M., van der Stede, Y., Robertson, L. (2018)

[66] ‘Public health risks associated with food-borne parasites’, EFSA Journal, 16(12). doi:

[67] 2903/j.efsa.2018.5495.

[68] Liu, Q., Singla, L. Das, & Zhou, H. (2012). Vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii: status, challenges

[69] and future directions. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 8(9), 1305– 1308.

[70] https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.21006

[71] Loreck, K., Mitrenga, S., Heinze, R., Ehricht, R., Engemann, C., Lueken, C., Ploetz, M., Greiner, M.,

[72] Meemken, D. (2020) ‘Use of meat juice and blood serum with a miniaturised protein

[73] microarray assay to develop a multi-parameter IgG screening test with high sample

[74] throughput potential for slaughtering pigs’, BMC Veterinary Research, 16(1), p. 106. doi:

[75] 1186/s12917-020-02308-4.

[76] Milne, G., Webster, J. P., Walker, M. (2020a) ‘Toward Improving Interventions Against

[77] Toxoplasmosis by Identifying Routes of Transmission Using Sporozoite-specific Serological

[78] Tools’, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(10), pp. e686–e693. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa428.

[79] Mose, J. M., Kagira, J. M., Kamau, D. M., Maina, N. W., Ngotho, M., & Karanja, S. M. (2020). A

[80] Review on the Present Advances on Studies of Toxoplasmosis in Eastern Africa. BioMed

[81] Research International, 2020, 7135268. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7135268

[82] Ogendi, E., Maina, N., Kagira, J., Ngotho, M., Mbugua, G., & Karanja, S. (2013). Questionnaire survey

[83] on the occurrence of risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection amongst farmers in Thika

[84] District, Kenya. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 84(1), E1-6.

[85] https://doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v84i1.191

[86] Opsteegh, M., Kortbeek, T. M., Havelaar, A. H., & van der Giessen, J. W. B. (2015). Intervention

[87] strategies to reduce human Toxoplasma gondii disease burden. Clinical Infectious Diseases,

[88] (1), 101–107

[89] Opsteegh, M., Schares, G., Blaga, R., van der Giessen, J. (2016) ‘Experimental studies on Toxoplasma

[90] gondii in the main livestock species (GP/EFSA/BIOHAZ/2013/01) Final report’, EFSA

[91] Supporting Publications, 13(2). doi: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.EN-995.

[92] Opsteegh, M., Spano, F., Aubert, D., Balea, A., Burrells, A., Cherchi, S., Cornelissen, J. B. W. J., Dam-

[93] Deisz, C., Guitian, J., Györke, A., Innes, E. A., Katzer, F., Limon, G., Possenti, A., Pozio, E.,

[94] Schares, G., Villena, I., Wisselink, H. J., van der Giessen, J. W. B. (2019) ‘The relationship

[95] between the presence of antibodies and direct detection of Toxoplasma gondii in slaughtered

[96] calves and cattle in four European countries’, International Journal for Parasitology, 49(7),

[97] pp. 515–522. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.01.005.

[98] Rostami, A., Riahi, S. M., Gamble, H. R., Fakhri, Y., Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M., Danesh, M.,

[99] Behniafar, H., Paktinat, S., Foroutan, M., Mokdad, A. H., Hotez, P. J., Gasser, R. B. (2020)

[100] ‘Global prevalence of latent toxoplasmosis in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-

[101] analysis’, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26(6), pp. 673–683. doi:

[102] 1016/j.cmi.2020.01.008.

[103] Rousseau, A., Escotte-Binet, S., La Carbona, S., Dumètre, A., Chagneau, S., Favennec, L., Kubina, S.,

[104] Dubey, J. P., Majou, D., Bigot-Clivot, A., Villena, I., Aubert, D. (2019) ‘Toxoplasma gondii

[105] Oocyst Infectivity Assessed Using a Sporocyst-Based Cell Culture Assay Combined with

[106] Quantitative PCR for Environmental Applications’, Applied and Environmental Microbiology,

[107] (20). doi: 10.1128/AEM.01189-19.

[108] Shapiro, K., Bahia-Oliveira, L., Dixon, B., Dumètre, A., de Wit, L. A., VanWormer, E., & Villena, I.

[109] (2019). Environmental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii: Oocysts in water, soil and food.

[110] Food and Waterborne Parasitology, 15, e00049.

[111] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00049

[112] Velázquez-Hernández, N., Avilés Ávila, A. Y., Rivas- González, M. A., Delgado-González, S. P.,

[113] Alvarado- Félix, G. A., Alvarado-Félix, Á. O., Beristain-Garcia, I., & Alvarado-Esquivel, C.

[114] (2019). Knowledge and practices regarding toxoplasmosis in housewives: a cross sectional

[115] study in a northern Mexican city. PloS One, 14(9), e0222094.

[116] Vogel, M., Schwarze-Zander, C., Wasmuth, J.-C., Spengler, U., Sauerbruch, T., & Rockstroh, J. K.

[117] (2010). The treatment of patients with HIV. Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 107(28–29),

[118] –515; quiz 516. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2010.0507

##plugins.themes.immersion.article.figure##

Como Citar

Descarregar Citação

Resumo

Downloads

Referências

Palavras-chave

Licencia