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The present study critically analyzed the current situation of higher education in Panama, with special emphasis on educational quality and the role of public policies. Through qualitative documentary analysis design, reports from national (MEDUCA, CONEAUPA, SENACYT) and international (World Bank, UNESCO) entities were examined, along with a systematic review of academic literature published between 2015 and 2025. The findings reveal a central paradox: despite notable growth in coverage and institutional diversification, structural weaknesses persist that negatively affect educational quality. Among the most critical challenges identified are the insufficient qualification of the teaching staff, where barely 30% hold postgraduate degrees; limited investment in research and development (R&D), below 0.2% of GDP; the prevalence of outdated curricula; and deep equity gaps that limit access for vulnerable populations. The document underscores that institutional fragmentation, poor coordination among key stakeholders, and deficient public funding act as barriers to systemic transformation. The public policies implemented, although well-intentioned, have had a limited impact due to these structural obstacles. Therefore, it is imperative to move towards a comprehensive reform of the higher education system that prioritizes quality, relevance, and inclusion. This transformation requires a strategic, sustained, and participatory vision that strengthens governance, increases investment, and consolidates effective quality assurance mechanisms so that higher education can fulfill its role as an engine of social and economic development.
