Efecto del déficit hídrico en distintas etapas del cultivo de maíz, El Ejido, Los Santos, 2020-2023

Román Gordón Mendoza; Ana E. Sáez Cigarruista; Jorge E. Franco Barrera; Francisco Ramos Manzané; Jorge I. Núñez Cano

doi:10.48204/j.ia.v8n1.a8760

Submitted November 26, 2025

Published 2025-12-23

Artículos

Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): Revista investigaciones agropecuarias

Effect of water deficit on different stages of maize, El Ejido, Los Santos, 2020-2023

Román Gordón Mendoza⁺⁻
Ana E. Sáez Cigarruista⁺⁻
Jorge E. Franco Barrera⁺⁻
Francisco Ramos Manzané⁺⁻
Jorge I. Núñez Cano⁺⁻

DOI https://doi.org/10.48204/j.ia.v8n1.a8760

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DOI: 10.48204/j.ia.v8n1.a8760

Published: 2025-12-23

How to Cite

Gordón Mendoza, R., Sáez Cigarruista, A. E., Franco Barrera, J. E., Ramos Manzané, F., & Núñez Cano, J. I. (2025). Effect of water deficit on different stages of maize, El Ejido, Los Santos, 2020-2023. Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(1), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.48204/j.ia.v8n1.a8760

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Abstract

A study was conducted during the dry season from 2020 to 2023, with the aim of quantifying the effect of water deficit on the different phenological stages of corn cultivation. The study was carried out at the El Ejido-Los Santos Experimental Station. The experimental unit consisted of six rows 5.2 m long. Four stress levels were evaluated at different stages of the crop and two hybrids. To establish the different levels of water deficiency, drip irrigation was suspended after reaching the indicated date until the end of the same. The treatments had a 4 x 2 Strip Factorial arrangement in a Randomized Complete Block design with three replications. The relative and absolute growth rates were calculated for each treatment. The climatic variables were obtained from a Davis-type portable meteorological station. Statistical analysis indicated highly significant differences for the Water Deficiency Stage Factor for almost all variables. It was observed that grain drying stress (85 to 110 das) did not differ statistically from plots without water deficit (irrigation throughout crop development), which showed grain yields of 5.32 and 5.24 tha-1, respectively. The pre-flowering phase was the least affected, with a 26 % reduction. Meanwhile, the flowering and grain filling stages (50 to 84 das) were the most affected, with a 55 % yield reduction.

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References

Andayani, N. N., Riadi, M., Rafiuddin, Kalqutny, S. H., Efendi, R., & Azrai, M. (2020). Evaluation of yield and agronomic components of three-way cross maize hybrids under low-light environment. IOP conference series. Earth and Environmental Science, 484(1), 012016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/484/1/012016
Blum, A. (2011). Plant breeding for water-limited environments. (Vol. XIV), Springer, New York, 258 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7491-4
Cakir, R. (2004). Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crops Research, 89, 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.01.005
Cheng, M., Wang, H., Fan, J., Zhang, S., Liao, Z., Zhang, F., & Wang, Y. (2021). A global meta-analysis of yield and water use efficiency of crops, vegetables and fruits under full, deficit and alternate partial root-zone irrigation. Agricultural Water Management, 248 (106771). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106771
Di Benedetto, A., & Tognetti, J. (2016). Técnicas de análisis de crecimiento de plantas: su aplicación a cultivos intensivos. Revista de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, 42(3), 258-282. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/864/86449712008.pdf
Dickie, M., & Coronel, A., (2018). Relación estadística entre los rendimientos de maíz y la ocurrencia de deficiencias hídricas en el Departamento de Rosario. Ciencias Agronómicas, 31, 17–24. https://rephip.unr.edu.ar/items/f44c688c-1903-46e2-990f-40316cc0e971
FAO. (2019). The state of the world’s biodiversity for food and agriculture. J. Bélanger & D. Pilling (eds.). FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments. Rome. 572 pp.(http://www.fao.org/3/CA3129EN/CA3129EN.pdf)
Fahad, S., Bajwa, A. A., Nazir, U., Anjum, S. A., Farooq, A., Zohaib, A., Sadia, S., Nasim, W., Adkins, S., Saud, S., Ihsan, M. Z., Alharby, H., Wu, C., Wang, D., & Huang, J. (2017). Crop production under drought and heat stress: Plant responses and management options. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8(1147). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01147
Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi, N., Fujita, D., & Basra, S.M.A. (2009). Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29(1), 185–212. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2008021
Gordón-Mendoza, R. (2020). Variabilidad climática y su efecto sobre la producción de maíz. Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá. 40 p http://www.idiap.gob.pa/download/variabilidad-climatica-y-su-efecto-sobre-la-produccion-de-maiz/
Lobell, D.B., Schlenker, W., & Costa-Roberts, J. (2011). Climate trends and global crop production since 1980. Science, 333(6042), 616–620. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204531
McWilliams, D.A., Berglund, D.R., & Endres, G.J. (1999) Corn growth and management Quick Guide. North Dakota Cooperative Extension Service, Fargo, 1-8. A1173 https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/sites/default/files/2022-09/a1173.pdf
Morales-Ruíz, A., & Díaz-López, E. (2021). Influencia de la temperatura, precipitación y radiación solar en el rendimiento de maíz en El Valle de Toluca, México. Agrociencia, 54(3), 377–385. https://doi.org/10.47163/agrociencia.v54i3.1933
Pokhrel, S. (2021). Effects of drought stress on the physiology and yield of the maize: A review. Food and Agri Economics Review, 1(1), 36–40. https://doi.org/10.26480/faer.01.2021.36.40
Sáez-Cigarruista, A., Morales-Guevara, D., Gordón-Mendoza, R., Jaén-Villarreal, J., & Ramos-Manzané, F. (2024). Sensibilidad del cultivo de maíz (Zea mays) a diferentes períodos de déficit hídrico controlado. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 35(55660). https://doi.org/10.15517/am.2024.55660
Sah, R. P., Chakraborty, M. Prasad, K., Pandit, M., Tudu, V. K., Chakravarty, M. K., Narayan S. C., Rana, M., & Moharana, D. (2020). Impact of water deficit stress in maize: Phenology and yield components. Scientific Reports, 10(2944). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59689-7.
Serrato-Gutiérrez, M. G. (2023). Mitigación del estrés por déficit hídrico en maíz forrajero mediante el uso de PGPB. [Tesis de maestría, Universidad Nacional de Colombia]. https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/85381
Sharifi, P. (2017). Estudio de los índices de crecimiento del maíz en diferentes condiciones de estrés hídrico y el uso de ácidos húmicos. Revista Biomédica y Farmacológica, 10 (01), 303–310. https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1110
Sifuentes-Ibarra, E., Ojeda-Bustamante, W., Macías-Cervantes, J., Mendoza-Pérez, C., & Preciado-Rangel, P. (2021). Déficit hídrico en maíz al considerar fenología, efecto en rendimiento y eficiencia en el uso del agua. Agrociencia, 55(3), 209–226. https://agrociencia-colpos.org/index.php/agrociencia/article/view/2414
Yang, Y., Liu, G., Guo, X., Liu, W., Xue, J., Ming, B., Xie, R., Wang, K., Li, S., & Hou, P. (2022). Effect mechanism of solar radiation on maize yield formation. Agriculture, 12(12), 2170. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122170
Yasin, S., Zavala-García, F., Niño-Medina, G., Rodríguez-Salinas, P.A., Gutiérrez-Diez, A., Sinagawa-García, S.R., & Lugo-Cruz, E. (2024). Morphological and physiological response of maize (Zea mays L.) to drought stress during reproductive stage. Agronomy, 14(8), 1718. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081718

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[1] Andayani, N. N., Riadi, M., Rafiuddin, Kalqutny, S. H., Efendi, R., & Azrai, M. (2020). Evaluation of yield and agronomic components of three-way cross maize hybrids under low-light environment. IOP conference series. Earth and Environmental Science, 484(1), 012016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/484/1/012016

[2] Blum, A. (2011). Plant breeding for water-limited environments. (Vol. XIV), Springer, New York, 258 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7491-4

[3] Cakir, R. (2004). Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crops Research, 89, 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.01.005

[4] Cheng, M., Wang, H., Fan, J., Zhang, S., Liao, Z., Zhang, F., & Wang, Y. (2021). A global meta-analysis of yield and water use efficiency of crops, vegetables and fruits under full, deficit and alternate partial root-zone irrigation. Agricultural Water Management, 248 (106771). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106771

[5] Di Benedetto, A., & Tognetti, J. (2016). Técnicas de análisis de crecimiento de plantas: su aplicación a cultivos intensivos. Revista de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, 42(3), 258-282. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/864/86449712008.pdf

[6] Dickie, M., & Coronel, A., (2018). Relación estadística entre los rendimientos de maíz y la ocurrencia de deficiencias hídricas en el Departamento de Rosario. Ciencias Agronómicas, 31, 17–24. https://rephip.unr.edu.ar/items/f44c688c-1903-46e2-990f-40316cc0e971

[7] FAO. (2019). The state of the world’s biodiversity for food and agriculture. J. Bélanger & D. Pilling (eds.). FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments. Rome. 572 pp.(http://www.fao.org/3/CA3129EN/CA3129EN.pdf)

[8] Fahad, S., Bajwa, A. A., Nazir, U., Anjum, S. A., Farooq, A., Zohaib, A., Sadia, S., Nasim, W., Adkins, S., Saud, S., Ihsan, M. Z., Alharby, H., Wu, C., Wang, D., & Huang, J. (2017). Crop production under drought and heat stress: Plant responses and management options. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8(1147). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01147

[9] Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi, N., Fujita, D., & Basra, S.M.A. (2009). Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29(1), 185–212. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2008021

[10] Gordón-Mendoza, R. (2020). Variabilidad climática y su efecto sobre la producción de maíz. Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá. 40 p http://www.idiap.gob.pa/download/variabilidad-climatica-y-su-efecto-sobre-la-produccion-de-maiz/

[11] Lobell, D.B., Schlenker, W., & Costa-Roberts, J. (2011). Climate trends and global crop production since 1980. Science, 333(6042), 616–620. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204531

[12] McWilliams, D.A., Berglund, D.R., & Endres, G.J. (1999) Corn growth and management Quick Guide. North Dakota Cooperative Extension Service, Fargo, 1-8. A1173 https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/sites/default/files/2022-09/a1173.pdf

[13] Morales-Ruíz, A., & Díaz-López, E. (2021). Influencia de la temperatura, precipitación y radiación solar en el rendimiento de maíz en El Valle de Toluca, México. Agrociencia, 54(3), 377–385. https://doi.org/10.47163/agrociencia.v54i3.1933

[14] Pokhrel, S. (2021). Effects of drought stress on the physiology and yield of the maize: A review. Food and Agri Economics Review, 1(1), 36–40. https://doi.org/10.26480/faer.01.2021.36.40

[15] Sáez-Cigarruista, A., Morales-Guevara, D., Gordón-Mendoza, R., Jaén-Villarreal, J., & Ramos-Manzané, F. (2024). Sensibilidad del cultivo de maíz (Zea mays) a diferentes períodos de déficit hídrico controlado. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 35(55660). https://doi.org/10.15517/am.2024.55660

[16] Sah, R. P., Chakraborty, M. Prasad, K., Pandit, M., Tudu, V. K., Chakravarty, M. K., Narayan S. C., Rana, M., & Moharana, D. (2020). Impact of water deficit stress in maize: Phenology and yield components. Scientific Reports, 10(2944). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59689-7.

[17] Serrato-Gutiérrez, M. G. (2023). Mitigación del estrés por déficit hídrico en maíz forrajero mediante el uso de PGPB. [Tesis de maestría, Universidad Nacional de Colombia]. https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/85381

[18] Sharifi, P. (2017). Estudio de los índices de crecimiento del maíz en diferentes condiciones de estrés hídrico y el uso de ácidos húmicos. Revista Biomédica y Farmacológica, 10 (01), 303–310. https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1110

[19] Sifuentes-Ibarra, E., Ojeda-Bustamante, W., Macías-Cervantes, J., Mendoza-Pérez, C., & Preciado-Rangel, P. (2021). Déficit hídrico en maíz al considerar fenología, efecto en rendimiento y eficiencia en el uso del agua. Agrociencia, 55(3), 209–226. https://agrociencia-colpos.org/index.php/agrociencia/article/view/2414

[20] Yang, Y., Liu, G., Guo, X., Liu, W., Xue, J., Ming, B., Xie, R., Wang, K., Li, S., & Hou, P. (2022). Effect mechanism of solar radiation on maize yield formation. Agriculture, 12(12), 2170. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122170

[21] Yasin, S., Zavala-García, F., Niño-Medina, G., Rodríguez-Salinas, P.A., Gutiérrez-Diez, A., Sinagawa-García, S.R., & Lugo-Cruz, E. (2024). Morphological and physiological response of maize (Zea mays L.) to drought stress during reproductive stage. Agronomy, 14(8), 1718. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081718

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